The risk and protective factors associated with
PTSD symptom change among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone were investigated.
Maternal PTSD symptoms similarly predicted differential child separation anxiety symptom change, but not child
PTSD symptom change.
Not exact matches
But the MRI scans showed that even 3 months after the trauma, some of the students» brains were already
changing in a way that tallied with
PTSD symptoms.
However, for those who reported being personally affected, there was a strong correlation between distress at the time of the bombing and
change in the severity of
PTSD symptoms.
They looked at whether a chemical
change (methylation) in the function of the SKA2 gene measured in blood predicted the thickness of brain cortex (a measure of neuronal health) and psychological
symptoms, specifically
PTSD and depression.
Results showed significant reduction in
symptoms of
PTSD (p = 0.003, effect size = 1.12, 8/10 with reliable
change) and MDD (p = 0.005, effect size = 1.09, 6/10 with reliable
change).
This study is one of the first randomized, controlled trials to look at the specific mechanisms related to
change in
PTSD symptoms that might be positively impacted by yoga practices.
The report is also one of the first of its kind to study how climate
change impacts mental health, noting that people «exposed to climate - or weather - related natural disasters experience stress reactions and serious mental health consequences, including
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (
PTSD), depressions, and general anxiety.»
It explains how trauma - induced
changes in the brain manifest as
PTSD symptoms, looks at the way childhood attachment influences trauma, and examines dissociation and its role in the trauma disorders.
The pre — post effect size (d) was 0.95, and pre — follow - up was 1.08, comparable to effect sizes published investigating face - to - face mindfulness interventions for depressive
symptoms in those with diabetes,
PTSD and cancer15, 56, 57 and online cognitive therapy interventions for depressive
symptoms in a moderately depressed sample.27, 36 The
change in PHQ - 9 is higher than effect sizes found for IAPT depression and anxiety treatment where follow - up was at 4 and 8 months (0.46 and 0.63, respectively) 3 where the IAPT sample started with higher baseline depression scores.
Children and adolescents who present with
PTSD may exhibit
symptoms of confused and disordered memory about events, repetitive play themes related to trauma, personality
change, imitation of violent behaviour and pessimistic expectations regarding survival (Hicks et al., 1993).
Results
PTSD symptom severity (score range, 0 - 136) was significantly more improved in the couple therapy condition than in the wait - list condition (mean
change difference, − 23.21; 95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55).
Change ratios revealed that PTSD symptom severity as measured by the CAPS decreased almost 3 times more in CBCT from pretreatment to posttreatment compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean change, − 35.42 [95 % CI, − 47.84 to − 23.00]; wait list: mean change, − 12.20 [95 % CI, − 21.51 to − 2.89]; mean change difference, − 23.21 [95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55]-RRB- and patient - reported relationship satisfaction, as measured by the DAS, increased more than 4times more in CBCT compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
Change ratios revealed that
PTSD symptom severity as measured by the CAPS decreased almost 3 times more in CBCT from pretreatment to posttreatment compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean
change, − 35.42 [95 % CI, − 47.84 to − 23.00]; wait list: mean change, − 12.20 [95 % CI, − 21.51 to − 2.89]; mean change difference, − 23.21 [95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55]-RRB- and patient - reported relationship satisfaction, as measured by the DAS, increased more than 4times more in CBCT compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change, − 35.42 [95 % CI, − 47.84 to − 23.00]; wait list: mean
change, − 12.20 [95 % CI, − 21.51 to − 2.89]; mean change difference, − 23.21 [95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55]-RRB- and patient - reported relationship satisfaction, as measured by the DAS, increased more than 4times more in CBCT compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change, − 12.20 [95 % CI, − 21.51 to − 2.89]; mean
change difference, − 23.21 [95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55]-RRB- and patient - reported relationship satisfaction, as measured by the DAS, increased more than 4times more in CBCT compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change difference, − 23.21 [95 % CI, − 37.87 to − 8.55]-RRB- and patient - reported relationship satisfaction, as measured by the DAS, increased more than 4times more in CBCT compared with the wait list (CBCT: mean
change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change, 12.22 [95 % CI, 5.72 - 18.72]; wait list: mean
change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change, 2.79 [95 % CI, − 3.95 to 9.53]; mean
change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]
change difference, 9.43 [95 % CI, 0.04 - 18.83]-RRB-.
Treatment effect sizes for
changes in
PTSD symptom scores were calculated using Cohen d statistic.31 Meta - analyses differ in whether the effect sizes are calculated as
Change in the severity of
PTSD symptoms, assessed by participants (PDS) and clinicians (clinician administered
PTSD scale (CAPS)-RRB-.
Changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (
PTSD)
symptoms across assessment points as measured by the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale.14
In addition, we assessed
changes in anxiety and depression as measures of associated
symptoms and
changes in the disability caused by the
PTSD symptoms.
Change in severity of posttraumatic stress disorder
symptoms as measured by the National Stressful Events
PTSD Scale
Changes in
PTSD and depressive
symptoms over treatment accounted for 29 % of the variance in reduction of reported health problems and 30 % of the variance in improvement of general social functioning.
Regarding our second research question, sex influenced both
changes in
PTSD symptoms and function impairment, but we found no effects for age.
Statistically significant
changes in pre-treatment scores on measures of
PTSD symptoms, depression, overall health, and work and social functioning were observed.