Sentences with phrase «past studies estimate»

Not exact matches

Over the past three decades, the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development has estimated both the cost and the years it takes for companies to develop new medicines.

Based on various research studies, it could be estimated that approximately twenty - five of his members have been hospitalized for major mental illness in the past, twenty - four are alcoholics, another fifty are severely handicapped by neurotic conflicts, and another one hundred by moderate neurotic symptoms.

Using data from the UK Office of National Statistics, the British Election Study, and past election results, YouGov has estimated the number of each type of voter in each constituency.

«Untangling the role of climate on sediment and reef evolution over millennial timescales: Great Barrier Reef case study estimates evolution over the past 14,000 years.»

Studies of the Yanomamö Indians of Amazonas during the past 23 years show that 44 percent of males estimated to be 25 or older have participated in the killing of someone, that approximately 30 percent of adult male dealths are due to violence, and that nearly 70 percent of all adults over an estimated 40 years of age have lost a close genetic relative due to violence.

«We determined we need to be irrigating at 75 percent of our past ET levels as estimated with the current model and finding hybrids that better tolerate stress,» Brauer said, adding this was from studies conducted by Xu and Marek over several years.

When scientists use climate models for attribution studies, they first run simulations with estimates of only «natural» climate influences over the past 100 years, such as changes in solar output and major volcanic eruptions.

«In the past, population estimates have been largely based on visual observations and on the analysis of fecal samples,» said Taal Levi, an assistant professor of fisheries and wildlife at Oregon State University and co-author on the study.

Mayer and McHugh also appear to be data snooping when they reference only one of six studies in the peer - reviewed literature of the past 16 years that employ proper probability - sampling methods, «and it just so happens to be the one with the lowest estimate of genetic influence of the entire set,» Hamer says.

«Our estimates show that the growth in Chinese emissions has slowed a lot in the past two to three years, and is now much lower than at any point since the early 2000s,» said study lead author Jan Ivar Korsbakken, senior climate economics researcher at CICERO.

The three studies and unpublished estimates by other groups suggest that during the quake, the descending ocean plate and the overlying plate carrying Japan slipped past each other by as much as 50 to 60 meters.

In 2008 a satellite study based on rates of snowfall and ice movement estimated a loss of 210 cubic kilometers of ice per year — a 59 percent increase in the past decade.

Combining new survey data with past findings about stress and health, a study published this month in Health Affairs estimated that work stress accounts for 10 % to 38 % of this lifespan inequality.

Past studies had relied on either one year or a limited number of years of data with projections and did not estimate the effect of field of study on lifetime earnings for those who have an advanced degree.

Researchers from the Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer estimate that in the past 50 years (1965 - 2014) about 400000 cases of endometrial cancer have been prevented by oral contraceptive use in high - income countries, including about 200000 in the last decade (2005 - 2014).

A significant number of U.S. drivers reported engaging in angry and aggressive behaviors over the past year, according to the study's estimates:

Some studies have attempted to estimate the statistical relationship between temperature and global sea level seen in the period for which tide gauge records exist (the last 2 - 3 centuries) and then, using geological reconstructions of past temperature changes, extrapolate backward («hindcast») past sea - level changes.

What I felt to be particularly curious about this list was that, for the past 20 years (estimated ~ 1994 - 2014), Prof. Roig has become somewhat of a specialist in studying lying, cheating, mistrust, dishonesty, questionable writing practices and plagiarism (using key - words from the paper titles), with, on average, about 2 papers published a year on these topics, even in respectable journals like Science and Nature.

According to a study made by a plus size dating website, the past five years have seen a clear rise in revenue incomes and it is estimated that the industry affiliated to dating online has reached the 2 billion $ mark in 2013.

A 2014 Brookings paper notes that credit scores for young households without student debt are higher than indebted households — a relatively new phenomenon over the past decade.37 And a 2012 study from Young Invincibles estimated that the typical single student borrower now has a debt - to - income ratio that would prohibit him or her from qualifying for a garden - variety home mortgage.38

We included studies that used cat owners» records of prey returns, but we excluded those that asked owners to estimate past prey returns because such questionnaires may lead to bias in estimation of predation rates39.

Her black - and - white Frank Stella-esque enamel on canvas, Stella Tomlinson Court Park (First Version)(Study), 1990, went for $ 550,000, soaring past a $ 150,000 high estimate.

Extrapolating from their forest study, the researchers estimate that over this century the warming induced from global soil loss, at the rate they monitored, will be «equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning and is comparable in magnitude to the cumulative carbon losses to the atmosphere due to human - driven land use change during the past two centuries.»

While this study is undoubtedly an important contribution to the literature, introducing a potentially useful methodology for refining estimates of past tropical cyclone activity in all the major basins, it is hardly the last word (see e.g. the discussion thread in our previous article on the paper).

The IPCC range, on the other hand, encompasses the overall uncertainty across a very large number of studies, using different methods all with their own potential biases and problems (e.g., resulting from biases in proxy data used as constraints on past temperature changes, etc.) There is a number of single studies on climate sensitivity that have statistical uncertainties as small as Cox et al., yet different best estimates — some higher than the classic 3 °C, some lower.

You could then check your ideas with real - world data and try to demonstrate that post-volcanic rings are missing, before concluding «the potential biases identified in our study necessarily impact all existing hemispheric - scale estimates» and «bolster the case for a significant influence of explosive volcanism on climate in past centuries».

I have simply shown that — even using the premise of a past anthropogenic GHG signal as estimated by IPCC or several independent solar studies — the observed 2xCO2 temperature response is only around 1 deg C (i.e. nothing to worry about).

Max, you write «I have simply shown that — even using the premise of a past anthropogenic GHG signal as estimated by IPCC or several independent solar studies — the observed 2xCO2 temperature response is only around 1 deg C (i.e. nothing to worry about).»

Then, instead of throwing out the data as hopelessly compromised and starting the experiment over with these factors corrected, you (a) do a study estimating how miscalibrated, how defective and how improperly located your instruments were and apply adjustments to all past data to «correct» the improper reading, (b) you do a study to estimate the effect of the external factors at the time you discover the problem and apply adjustments to all past data to «correct» the effects of the external factors even though you have no idea what the effect of the external factor actually was for a given instrument at the time the data was recorded, because you only measured the effect years later and then at only some locations, (c) you «fill in» any missing data using data from other instruments and / or from other measurements by the same instrument, (d) you do another study to determine how best to deal with measurements from different instruments over different time periods and at different locations and apply adjustments to all past data to «correct» for differences between readings from different instruments over different time periods at different locations.

Regarding the Hockey Stick of IPCC 2001 evidence now indicates, in my view, that an IPCC Lead Author working with a small cohort of scientists, misrepresented the temperature record of the past 1000 years by (a) promoting his own result as the best estimate, (b) neglecting studies that contradicted his, and (c) amputating another's result so as to eliminate conflicting data and limit any serious attempt to expose the real uncertainties of these data.

The study will use a combination of complex computer models to replicate past weather patterns in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf, and use the results, along with estimates of future production of man - made greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane to predict Gulf hurricane activity.

The study said sea level rise, caused by factors including a thaw of glaciers, averaged about 1.2 millimeters (0.05 inch) a year from 1901 - 90 — less than past estimates — and leapt to 3 mm a year in the past two decades, apparently linked to a quickening thaw of ice.

study, Hino and her coauthors estimated around 1.3 million people had been relocated through managed retreat in response to natural hazards over the past three decades.

In a Nature Climate Change study, Hino and her coauthors estimated around 1.3 million people had been relocated through managed retreat in response to natural hazards over the past three decades.

And this calculation results in a TCS of between 0.8 and 1.4 C, depending on whose estimate one uses for past solar forcing: IPCC (at 7 % of total) or several solar studies (at around 50 % of total).

Several solar studies estimate that around half of the past warming can be attributed to the high level of solar activity in the second half of the 20th century (Lean curve).

The result still remains counter-intuitive, and most other similar attribution studies (like those referenced above) generally estimate between 0.65 and 0.85 °C warming over the past 100 - 150 years.

For some countries, estimating future emissions is straightforward, and results in relatively little difference across studies (e.g. those countries that pledge to reduce economy - wide emissions relative to a past year's emissions).

The study compared today's drought conditions in California to those reconstructed over the past 1,200 years using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), an estimate of available soil moisture.

We have several recent studies based largely on the actual past physical record plus some estimates on natural forcing, which have concluded that 2xCO2 ECS is around half as high as the range previously predicted by model simulations and claimed in AR4.

Studies show that estimated changes in ocean pH levels are within the ranges experienced in the past.

Zwally's study did not extend past 2008 but he estimated that during the period studied, net accumulation had reduced sea level rise 0.23 mm / year (a 6 to 10 % reduction).

Different estimates of past forcing in the literature may later be identified as problematic through more study of the physics of solar output, and future reconstructions may improve on that basis, but what you are doing is choosing which reconstruction to believe because it agrees with your desired conclusions.

The study confirms past estimates of likely rapid climate change over the next century if there are not major climate - change policies.

Note this statement by Nordhaus: «The study confirms past estimates of likely rapid climate change over the next century if there are not major climate - change policies.»

For a) you say «If we accept the estimate of several solar studies that 50 % of the past warming (instead of 7 %) was caused by the sun, we end up with a «maximum - ever - possible» warming of around 1C.»

Reconstructions of the geomagnetic field in the past represent a useful tool not only to investigate the geodynamo process, but also to estimate the effect of geomagnetic shielding for any studies on cosmogenic radionuclides and galactic cosmic rays.

If we accept the estimate of several solar studies that 50 % of the past warming (instead of 7 %) was caused by the sun, we end up with a «maximum - ever - possible» warming of around 1C.

The impact on our «understanding and attributing climate change» is major, of course: if up to 50 % of past warming can be attributed to solar forcing (as many solar studies have concluded) then the whole model - predicted (2xCO2) climate sensitivity estimates are in serious question and, with these, all the projections for future climate change caused by AGW.

Studies estimate between 30 and 50 percent of the world's mangroves have been lost over the past 50 years as they are deforested for shrimp, rice and palm oil production, drowned by rising seas, and starved of freshwater by dam - building.