Pedagogical knowledge of technology (now commonly referred to as Technological Pedagogical Knowledge or TPK) is closely related to Shulman's (1987) pedagogical knowledge construct, which is defined as the teachers» knowledge of teaching procedures such as effective strategies for planning, classroom routines, behavior management techniques, classroom organizational procedures, and motivational techniques.
Not exact matches
For schools, the challenge is how to bring together kids» «native»
knowledge regarding
technology and teachers»
pedagogical experience without entering into a tug -
of - war battle that teachers will inevitably and invariably lose when
technology is in the ring.
Preservice elementary teachers as information and communication
technology designers: an instructional systems design model based on an expanded view
of pedagogical content
knowledge
The TPACK model emphasizes the importance
of complex interactions among three domains — technological (TK),
pedagogical (PK), and content
knowledge (CK)-- needed by teachers to successfully integrate
technology into instruction (Koehler et al., 2013).
TPACK can be described as teachers»
knowledge of when, where, and how to use
technology, while guiding students to increase their
knowledge and skills in particular content areas using appropriate
pedagogical approaches (Brantley - Dias & Ertmer, 2013; Niess, 2011).
In education coursework and field experiences, you will learn the foundation
of professionalism and reflection, human development and diversity, integration
of teaching experiences and assessment,
technology, content and related
pedagogical content
knowledge, and professional collaboration.
Melody (first author) developed the new literacies course to accomplish three main objectives: (a) to provide teachers with a scholarly foundation in literacy studies that recognizes how advances in
technology influence literacy practices; (b) to support teachers in building their
pedagogical knowledge of digital texts and tools as well as social practices influencing composing practices; and (c) to provide teachers with a setting for direct application
of the theories and practices discussed in class as they worked with children in a writing camp.
They used their
knowledge of these effective
pedagogical practices, while using
technology, to identify and address gaps in the students» content
knowledge.
This framework also promotes the understanding that teaching with
technology requires a whole other set
of pedagogical skills and that each program, tool, and piece
of software requires different genre
knowledge.
We also posit that teachers», including Jake's and Isabell's, understanding
of the interactions
of content
knowledge, technological
knowledge, and
pedagogical knowledge resulted in integration
of the
technology in ways that did not always enhance the science content learning.
If
technology is truly to impact both
pedagogical competence, as well as increase content
knowledge in the social studies, the apex
of the instructional delivery system — the instructor — must be the continual focus
of these beliefs.
The concept
of technological
pedagogical content
knowledge (or
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge [TPACK]-RRB- provides a theoretical frame for doing just that (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- as long as TPACK is not used by teacher educators and researchers as a simple static and myopic evaluative lens that fails to pay attention to the range
of contexts that teachers work within.
Educators» TPACK, or
technology integration
knowledge, is operationalized when they identify an effective combination
of curriculum content, a particular
pedagogical approach, and a use
of a
technology tool or resource to support the learning experience.
It requires an understanding
of the representation
of concepts using
technologies;
pedagogical techniques that use
technologies in constructive ways to teach content;
knowledge of what makes concepts difficult or easy to learn and how
technology can help redress some
of the problems that students face;
knowledge of students» prior
knowledge and theories
of epistemology; and
knowledge of how
technologies can be used to build on existing
knowledge and to develop new epistemologies or strengthen old ones.
The researchers determined that the strongest influences on how the teachers used the digital primary sources and
technology centered on their own beliefs, the «purpose for teaching» (p. 159), and their level
of «
pedagogical content
knowledge» (p. 163).
In fulfillment
of its duty to the citizens
of this state, the Legislature has established certification requirements to assure that educational personnel in public schools possess appropriate skills in reading, writing, and mathematics, and adequate
pedagogical knowledge, including the use
of technology to enhance student learning, and relevant subject matter competence so as to demonstrate an acceptable level
of professional performance.
The teacher candidates noted that they also benefited from seeing how such a learning environment could be structured so that student learners are allowed control over their learning (technological content
knowledge), the use
of acronyms to guide procedural
knowledge development (technological
pedagogical knowledge), and the level
of technical skills required to teach with
technology (technological
knowledge)-- all
of which increased their own teacher
knowledge about teaching with
technology (Figg & Burson, 2009).
The rapid expansion
of available technological tools has prompted scholarly discourse about how Shulman's (1987) construct
of pedagogical content
knowledge might be built upon to help describe the sort
of knowledge teachers need for teaching with
technology.
Recently, the phrase «technological
pedagogical content
knowledge» (or
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge; TPACK) has been used to describe «an understanding that emerges from an interaction
of content, pedagogy, and
technology knowledge» (Koehler & Mishra, 2008, p. 17).
Preservice teachers have the chance to develop technological
pedagogical content
knowledge, in part, through reflection on the elements
of and connections between
technology, pedagogy and content.
Using reflection to consider specific issues critically — such as the rapid rate
of technological change, the design
of technology for educational purposes or the use
of specific forms
of technology to support the situated nature
of learning (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)-- provides preservice teachers with the opportunity to develop their technological
pedagogical content
knowledge while engaging in meaningful reflective practice.
Technological
pedagogical knowledge (TPK), or the use
of specific
pedagogical strategies or techniques to teach with
technology so that content
knowledge is enhanced.
Through their projects they construct theoretical
knowledge of multiliteracies as they become digital storytellers
of their own identities, and they construct technological
pedagogical content
knowledge (TPCK) about how to integrate such digital video
technology in their future classrooms.
As Hammond and Manfra (2009) described in their discussion
of TPACK in social studies education, TPACK is a conceptual framework in teacher education that «provides a common language to discuss the integration
of technology into instruction and builds upon the concepts
of pedagogical content
knowledge, [as well as] teacher as curricular gatekeeper» (p. 160).
Thus, teacher educators need to work with existing
pedagogical beliefs, content and
technology knowledge and skills, and prior
knowledge and experiences and seek ways in which more innovative instructional practices become commonplace and the appropriate and effective utilization
of technology to support innovative instructional practices is ensured.
Importantly, addressing geospatial
technology in teacher education also engages teacher candidates» development
of technological
pedagogical content
knowledge, also known as
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge (TPACK).
In this way, experimenting with geospatial
technologies during teacher education addresses the development
of teacher candidates»
pedagogical content
knowledge (Shulman, 1987) by contributing to their «understanding
of how particular topics, problems, or issues are organized, represented, and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities
of learners, and presented for instruction» (p. 8).
As suggested by many authors in the Handbook
of Technological
Pedagogical Content
Knowledge (AACTE Committee on Innovation and
Technology, 2008), more research needs to examine the role
of teacher preparation programs teachers» beliefs (Niess, 2008), and specific student and school contexts (McCrory, 2008) regarding the nature and development
of TPACK.
The purpose
of this task was not only to require the teachers to learn new technological practices, but also have them adjust their current information
technology use and integrate these new practices into their existing
pedagogical and content
knowledge practices.
TPACK or
technology integration
knowledge is operationalized when educators identify an effective combination
of curriculum content, a particular
pedagogical approach, and a
technology tool or resource that supports the learning experience.
But for
technology to become an integral component or tool for learning the subject, teachers must also develop «an overarching conception
of their subject matter with respect to
technology and what it means to teach with
technology —
technology pedagogical content
knowledge (TPCK)» (Niess, 2005, p. 510).
This TPACK is a blending
of pedagogical knowledge, content
knowledge, and technological
knowledge that is unique to the idea
of teaching content with
technology.
With the advent
of computer
technology, both the
pedagogical skills and technological content
knowledge of the teacher play a role whenever computer
technology is used in the classroom (Mishra & Koehler, 2006).
Preservice elementary teachers as information and communication
technology designers: An instructional systems design model based on an expanded view
of pedagogical content
knowledge.
The challenge for mathematics teacher educators is to identify teacher preparation and professional development programs that lead toward the development
of technology pedagogical content
knowledge (TPCK).
Much
of the literature on teacher preparation for successful integration
of technology into classrooms has focused on enhancing technological,
pedagogical, and content
knowledge (Clark, Zhang, & Strudler, 2015; Mishra & Koehler, 2006), and slow and ineffective
technology implementation has often been attributed to a lack thereof.
Extension
of the concept to «technological
pedagogical content
knowledge» (now referred to as
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge, or TPACK) in recent years recognizes the central role
of content and pedagogy in uses
of educational
technology — a role previously missing in many discussions.
Expanding on Shulman's (1986) definition
of pedagogical content
knowledge, technological
pedagogical content
knowledge implies that pedagogy, content, and
technology are not separate entities, but a complex system that supports the learning process (Mishra & Koehler, 2006).
Altering the assignment to include or require collaborative forms
of technology, such as discussion boards, group weblogs or communal wikis, would offer preservice teachers the opportunity to reflect in a community
of their peers while providing experience with different forms
of technology and supporting further development
of their technological
pedagogical content
knowledge.
Teachers» abilities to use
technology effectively to support student literacy development is reliant on several factors: their
knowledge of technology; their
knowledge of pedagogical approaches; and their attitudes toward
technology integration (Ertmer & Ottenbreit - Leftwich, 2010).
However, both the participants» learning experiences during the workshop and the level
of pedagogical elements present in their lesson plans varied depending on their
technology knowledge and teaching context.
It provides a common language to discuss the integration
of technology into instruction (Koehler & Mishra, 2008) and builds upon the concepts
of pedagogical content
knowledge (Shulman, 1987) and teacher as curricular «gatekeeper» (Thornton, 2001a, 2001b).
To study the effect
of instructing with
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge (TPACK), teachers were asked to apply
pedagogical, mathematical, and cognitive fidelity to
technology used in an instructional unit they were designing.
In keeping with the current trajectories
of TPACK research, Doering and Veletsianos (2007b) identified geography technological
pedagogical content
knowledge (see Figure 2) as a necessary component for teacher education programs to focus on in order to facilitate increased integration
of geospatial
technologies (e.g., Google Earth) into K - 12 classrooms.
Technological
pedagogical content
knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) Since its formal introduction in 2006, TPACK as a theoretical concept has been embraced by
technology integration communities (e.g., Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education; see http://site.aace.org/conf/) who have long struggled to define, explain, and stress the role of technology within the field of education (Doering, Veletsianos, & Scharber, 2007; Thompson & Mish
technology integration communities (e.g., Society for Information
Technology and Teacher Education; see http://site.aace.org/conf/) who have long struggled to define, explain, and stress the role of technology within the field of education (Doering, Veletsianos, & Scharber, 2007; Thompson & Mish
Technology and Teacher Education; see http://site.aace.org/conf/) who have long struggled to define, explain, and stress the role
of technology within the field of education (Doering, Veletsianos, & Scharber, 2007; Thompson & Mish
technology within the field
of education (Doering, Veletsianos, & Scharber, 2007; Thompson & Mishra, 2007).
Mishra and Koehler's (2006) framework, technological
pedagogical content
knowledge (referred to in this paper as
technology, pedagogy, and content
knowledge, or TPACK), provides a suitable starting point in our search for the «conceptual home»
of technology in the social studies (Martorella, 1997).
Mishra and Koehler conceived
of instruction as a Venn diagram made up
of three overlapping circles or bodies
of knowledge:
pedagogical knowledge, content
knowledge, and
technology knowledge.
A recreation
of Mishra and Koehler's (2006) model
of Shulman's (1986) PCK framework in «Technological
pedagogical content
knowledge: A framework for integrating
technology in teacher
knowledge» by P. Mishra & M. J. Koehler, 2006, Teachers College Record, 108 (6), p. 1022.
The American Association
of Colleges
of Teacher Education published a landmark work, the AACTE Handbook
of Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge (2008), with chapters devoted to pedagogical approaches to the use of technology in different con
Pedagogical Content
Knowledge (2008), with chapters devoted to
pedagogical approaches to the use of technology in different con
pedagogical approaches to the use
of technology in different content areas.
Pedagogical uses of technology have been well - established because general pedagogical knowledge is accessible to preservice, novice, and practicin
Pedagogical uses
of technology have been well - established because general
pedagogical knowledge is accessible to preservice, novice, and practicin
pedagogical knowledge is accessible to preservice, novice, and practicing teachers.