They also had higher Internalizing and Externalizing Scores and Aggressive Behavior and Somatic
Problems subscale scores of the CBCL than children without sleep problems.
An unexpected finding from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was the significant improvement in the control group's Conduct
Problems subscale score between pre - and post-intervention.
Not exact matches
Children also had higher
scores on emotional, peer relationship and conduct
problems SDQ
subscales.
Fifty percent of children (mean
score = 15.72)
scored in the clinical range and
scores on
subscales were between 36 percent for hyperactivity to 44 percent for emotional symptoms and conduct
problems.
aChild Behavior Checklist for 4 - 18 years; bChildren who are currently visiting their father who used to perpetrate intimate partner violence and already separated from their mothers; cInternalizing
problems = Withdrawn + Somatic complaints + Anxious / depressed; dExternalizing
problems = Delinquent behavior + Aggressive behavior; Total
problems = the sum of the
scores of all the nine
subscales of the CBCL; eAdjusted odds ratios calculated by multivariable logistic regression analysis; fThe dependent variable: 0 = non - clinical, 1 = clinical; gp values calculated by multivariable logistic regression analysis; hStandardized regression coefficients calculated by multivariable regression analysis; ip values calculated by multivariable regression analysis; jVariance Inflation Factor; k0 = non-visiting, 1 = visiting; lThe
score of the
subscale (anxiety) of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; mThe
score of the
subscale (depression) of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; nThe number of years the child lived with the father in the past; oAdjusted R2 calculated by multivariable regression analysis.
The average
scores for the following
subscales of the CBCL among the children who visited their fathers were significantly higher than those who did not visit their fathers: withdrawn behavior (4.8 versus 1.5, p = 0.00); somatic complaints (4.1 versus 1.5, p = 0.03); anxious / depressed behavior (8.4 versus 3.8, p = 0.02), thought
problems (2.1 versus 0.77, p = 0.02); attention
problems (6.5 versus 3.4, p = 0.00); other
problems (7.9 versus 4.9, p = 0.05); internalizing
problems (17.4 versus 6.8, p = 0.00); and total
problems (37.6 versus 19.1, p = 0.00).
A total difficulties
score ranging from 0 to 40 was derived by summing all
subscales excluding prosocial behaviours.16 Total difficulties
scores are considered to provide an indicator of level of risk for emotional or behavioural
problems.
Group differences in the Child Behavior Checklist
scores showed that parents in the intervention group reported higher
scores than those in the UC group on the aggressive behavior
subscale (7.74 vs 6.80; adjusted β, 0.83 [95 % CI, 0.37 - 1.30]-RRB-, although neither group reached a
subscale score of clinical significance (the cutoff for this age is 22 years)(Table 3).14 There were no group differences in reported sleep
problems or
problems with depression or anxiety.
#For the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
subscales,
scores corresponding to the 80th percentile (ie, equating to the cut - off describing a «Borderline» rating) were: Emotional Symptoms = 5, Peer Relationship
Problems = 3, Conduct
Problems = 3, Hyperactivity - Inattention = 6, Prosocial Behaviour (20th percentile) = 7 and Total Difficulties = 16.
Many of the scales demonstrated weak psychometrics in at least one of the following ways: (a) lack of psychometric data [i.e., reliability and / or validity; e.g., HFQ, MASC, PBS, Social Adjustment Scale - Self - Report (SAS - SR) and all perceived self - esteem and self - concept scales], (b) items that fall on more than one
subscale (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version), (c) low alpha coefficients (e.g., below.60) for some
subscales, which calls into question the utility of using these
subscales in research and clinical work (e.g., HFQ, MMPI - A, CBCL - 1991 version, BASC, PSPCSAYC), (d) high correlations between
subscales (e.g., PANAS - C), (e) lack of clarity regarding clinically - relevant cut - off
scores, yielding high false positive and false negative rates (e.g., CES - D, CDI) and an inability to distinguish between minor (i.e., subclinical) and major (i.e., clinical) «cases» of a disorder (e.g., depression; CDI, BDI), (f) lack of correspondence between items and DSM criteria (e.g., CBCL - 1991 version, CDI, BDI, CES - D, (g) a factor structure that lacks clarity across studies (e.g., PSPCSAYC, CASI; although the factor structure is often difficult to assess in studies of pediatric populations, given the small sample sizes), (h) low inter-rater reliability for interview and observational methods (e.g., CGAS), (i) low correlations between respondents such as child, parent, teacher [e.g., BASC, PSPCSAYC, CSI, FSSC - R, SCARED, Connors Ratings Scales - Revised (CRS - R)-RSB-, (j) the inclusion of somatic or physical symptom items on mental health
subscales (e.g., CBCL), which is a
problem when conducting studies of children with pediatric physical conditions because physical symptoms may be a feature of the condition rather than an indicator of a mental health
problem, (k) high correlations with measures of social desirability, which is particularly problematic for the self - related rating scales and for child - report scales more generally, and (l) content validity
problems (e.g., the RCMAS is a measure of anxiety, but contains items that tap mood, attention, peer interactions, and impulsivity).
This pattern of change in means over the decade between the 2005 study and ours appears consistent with the small, but significant, increases observed between 2007 and 2012 in the self - report
subscale means for Total Difficulties, Emotional Symptoms, Peer Relationship
Problems and Hyperactivity - Inattention (but a decrease in Conduct
Problems) in nationally representative New Zealand samples of children aged 12 — 15 years, 28 and with a similar increase in Emotional Symptoms and decrease in Conduct
Problems between 2009 and 2014 in English community samples of children aged 11 — 13 years.29 The mean PLE
score in the MCS sample aligned closely with that reported previously for a relatively deprived inner - city London, UK, community sample aged 9 — 12 years19 using these same nine items, although the overall prevalence of a «Certainly True» to at least one of the nine items in the MCS (52.2 %) was lower than that obtained in the London sample (66.0 %).8
However, almost half of the participants who met criteria for psychiatric cases also
scored high on the depressive
subscale of the DBC - A, therefore suggesting that depression is a significant
problem in people who show emotional and behavioural disturbances.
The mean
scores for mothers» responses to the 3 CBCL
subscales were comparable to those for nonreferred children reported by Achenbach, 24 suggesting that levels of behavioral
problems for the Healthy Steps children were similar to the levels for generally healthy children.
The 25 - item questionnaire generates five main
subscale scores: emotional symptoms, conduct
problems, hyperactivity / inattention, peer relationship
problems and prosocial behaviour.
Results indicated pretest and posttest
scores on the substance use and related
problems showed slight improvements for both the SFBT and control groups based on the ASI - SR in all
subscales, except for the family / relationship status
subscale for control group which showed an increase in mean
score and small effect size in the opposite desired direction.
Significant positive effects were found for narrowband
scores for the Anxious / Depressed Attention
Problems subscales; effect sizes ranged between 0.34 and 0.38.
The total difficulties
score is a sum of four 5 - item
subscales concerning emotional, conduct, hyperactivity / attentional and peer relationship
problems.
The relative risk of being in the clinical or borderline range of the CBCL
subscale scores emotionally reactive, anxious / depressed, sleep
problems or attention
problems, or of parent's having significant concern regarding the child's development in PEDS were non - significant.45
At 6 months, units using the Sanctuary Model
scored significantly better on the total scale and on the
subscales of Support, Spontaneity, Autonomy,
Problem Orientation, and Safety.
Externalising
scores were derived from attention
problems and aggressive behaviour
subscales of the CBCL.
Furthermore, we computed a composite
score, which included the YSR and CBCL broadband behavioural
problem scales, as well as the
subscales of attention
problems.
A cut - off
score of 7 or above on the Emotional
Problems subscale was used to identify an at risk group that would be assessed for incidence of, and recovery from, depressive, anxiety, and suicidal disorders (Goodman, 1999).
Scores on the BITSEA
Problem scale were positively correlated to all CBCL and PSI - SF
subscales, whereas negative correlations were found between BITSEA Competence scale and CBCL and PSI - SF
subscales.
The SDQ Total Difficulties
Score (TDS) was calculated by aggregating the
scores for the emotional symptoms, conduct
problems, hyperactivity - inattention, and peer
problems subscales (range 0 — 40).
Medication status and T -
scores on the PBS ADHD, Conduct
Problems, Anxiety, and Depression
subscales were used to predict the Sleep
Problems T -
scores in children with ADHD.
Association of Mothers» and Fathers» Mental Health Symptoms With Children's Child Behavior
Problem Index — Externalizing (BPI - EXT) and — Internalizing (BPI - INT)
Subscale Scores by the Child's Sex, Multivariate Linear Regression
AVE
scores for the preferred model C ranged from 0.34 (peer
problems) to 0.60 (hyperactivity), with only hyperactivity achieving the 0.50 benchmark for satisfactory internal convergent validity.22 However, every
subscale demonstrated adequate external discriminant validity, with AVE
scores exceeding squared interfactor correlations.
The CBCL has nine behavioural
problem subscales, and queries about the child's behaviour in the past six months.13, 14 The T -
scores for each scale are calculated by a computer program.
The CBCL consists of 118 items and the YSR 112 items, both assessed with a three - point Likert scale, with eight
subscales, two syndrome groups, and a total
problem score each.
Second, we reported higher Cronbach's α reliability
scores than most preschool and school - aged validation studies, 10,15 with only the preschool peer
problems subscale failing to meet the α > 0.70 criteria for satisfactory internal reliability.
One of the items pertains to «Complains of loneliness», and in order to prevent
problems of shared variance, this item was discarded when computing a total score for the Social Problems subscale of the CBCL
problems of shared variance, this item was discarded when computing a total
score for the Social
Problems subscale of the CBCL
Problems subscale of the CBCL and TRF.
Mental health
problems were assessed using the self - report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a multi-informant wide - angle screening questionnaire.26, 27 The SDQ has been used in a large number of population - based studies in several countries.27 It is a 25 - item questionnaire with five
subscales, each consisting of five items, generating
scores for emotional symptoms, conduct
problems, hyperactivity — inattention, peer
problems and prosocial behaviour.
Items can be summed into a total
score, two broadband scales (internalizing and externalizing
problems), and eight
subscales (withdrawn / depression, somatic complaints, anxiety / depression, social
problems, attention
problems, thought
problems, rule breaking behavior and aggressive behavior).
A total difficulties
score (0 — 40) was computed by adding
scores from the four
problem subscales (conduct, hyperactivity, emotional, and peer
problem domains)[27, 28, 29].
Children with current sleep
problems were more likely still to be nursed to sleep by an adult and had slightly higher mean scores on Child Behavior Check List subscales for Aggressive Behavior (54 vs 52) and Somatic Problems (55
problems were more likely still to be nursed to sleep by an adult and had slightly higher mean
scores on Child Behavior Check List
subscales for Aggressive Behavior (54 vs 52) and Somatic
Problems (55
Problems (55 vs 53).
Moreover, they had significantly lower
scores in avoidance and emotional reactivity and significantly higher
scores in cognitive restructuring and
problem solving SCS
subscales.
Each
subscale consists of five items, and we combined the Conduct
Problems and Hyperactivity
subscales to produce an overall Externalising
score, as has been done in prior research [55].
Although not reaching the clinically significant cutoff, children with sleep
problems had significantly higher mean scores on Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior and the Aggressive Behavior and Somatic Problems subscales of the CBCL than children without sleep problems (T
problems had significantly higher mean
scores on Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior and the Aggressive Behavior and Somatic
Problems subscales of the CBCL than children without sleep problems (T
Problems subscales of the CBCL than children without sleep
problems (T
problems (Table 2).
We posited that youth externalizing
problems [Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing
Subscale (CBCL) externalizing
problem scores] would contribute to patterns of conflict with caregivers, subsequently interfering with adherence processes, thereby decreasing glycemic control (increased HbA1c).
For each
subscale, all items across all ages were
scored on a scale of 0 — 2 and summed together for a
score ranging from 0 to 10, as described previously for conduct
problem subscale.
The CBCL / 1.5 — 5 exists of seven
subscales and also produces internalizing and externalizing
problems score.