Sentences with phrase «rna copies»

By making a comparison of proteomic and RNA - sequencing data from individuals on the different exercise regimens, proof was found that exercise stimulates the cell to generate more gene coding RNA copies for proteins of the mitochondria and proteins in charge of the growth of muscle.

Mean viral loads found in inoculated sparrows», ducks» and chickens» organs were respectively of 109.93, 1010.24, and 109.52 RNA copies per gram on average.

As for feathers, respective mean values of 109.50, 1010.37, and 109.50 viral RNA copies per gram were determined for sparrows, chickens and ducks.

Swabs» specimens showed mean viral loads of 107.72, 106.91, and 107.13 viral RNA copies per mL of VTM for inoculated sparrows, ducks and chickens respectively.

Viral loads determined in samples collected post-mortem from those chickens were high, with an average of 107.27 RNA copies per mL for swabs» specimens, 108.04 RNA copies per gram for feathers, and 1010.16 RNA copies per gram for organs (Figure 2).

Deadly contaminated sparrows showed high viral loads in all organs (Figure 2), while in the surviving ones, the viral loads were much lower and detected only in some of the organs tested: approximately 104.55 RNA copies per mL for swabs» specimens, 105.09 RNA copies per gram for feathers, and 104.72 RNA copies per gram for organs.

The SHERLOCK tool works by making RNA copies of DNA.

An enzyme called reverse transcriptase then converts the RNA copies back into DNA, which inserts at random anywhere in the genome.

They insert into an organism's DNA, get copied into many RNA replicas and then use a special enzyme called a retrotransposase to convert the RNA copies back into DNA.

Transposons move in two ways: Retrotransposons first make RNA copies of themselves.

Although the purpose of the segments is poorly understood, they make life more difficult for cells because they because they have to be snipped out of RNA copies of a gene before it can be turned into a protein.

These piRNAs interact with proteins to keep transposons from making RNA copies of themselves.

In addition to diagnosing the illness, the test also yielded information about how many RNA copies each sample contained.

In the most primitive life forms, RNA probably reproduced by making RNA copies, at first on its own and later with the help of protein enzymes.

By comparing proteomic and RNA - sequencing data from people on different exercise programs, the researchers found evidence that exercise encourages the cell to make more RNA copies of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins and proteins responsible for muscle growth.

The transcription of non-coding regions in the genome is precisely regulated by cellular signaling pathways — and on a grand scale: up to 80 per cent of the RNA copies were non-coding.

These RNA copies can then used to direct protein synthesis, but they can also be used directly as parts of ribosomes or spliceosomes.

Cells make proteins from RNA they copy from genes, but some RNAs play roles by themselves.

Just like HIV, LINE - 1 spreads throughout our DNA by making an RNA copy of its genetic sequence.

Since then, Szostak's team and other have continued to improve their RNA copiers.

During this crucial step, messenger RNA (mRNA), which is a RNA copy of a gene's recipe for a protein, is translated by the cell's ribosome into the sequence of amino acids that will make up a newly synthesized protein.

Finding such an RNA copier «is the bull's - eye of the RNA world hypothesis,» says Gerald Joyce, a chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California.

Ironically, the new RNA copiers still can't duplicate themselves.

Activation of a gene induces a cell to make an RNA copy of its code, edit unneeded segments out of that message, and splice together a final version of the message that provides cellular factories (ribosomes) with a template to make one specific protein.

How does the expansion in the RNA copy mess up the splicing process?

It may be that this inappropriate sticking interferes with proper splicing, resulting in the faulty short RNA copy of huntingtin.

In the case of an expanded huntingtin gene, the RNA copy of the recipe is also expanded.

Not exact matches

In the human version, scientists use an RNA guide to direct an enzyme, Cas - 9, to a specific point in any organism's DNA — where, like an eagle - eyed copy editor, the enzyme snips out an errant letter or sequence as if it were expunging a typo.

To coax the apples to create these particular anti-browning RNA molecules, the scientists gave the apple extra copies of the browning gene that were tweaked to set off the plant's interference mechanism.

Finally, DNA appeared on the scene, the ultimate holder of information copied from the genetic RNA molecules by reverse transcription.

Eventually ribozymes began to copy RNA without external help.

With their astonishing versatility, proteins would have then taken over RNA's role in assisting genetic copying and metabolism.

In particular, at some point some of the RNA sequences mutated, becoming ribozymes that sped up the copying of RNA — thus adding a competitive advantage.

By this directed evolution we were able to produce ribozymes that can catalyze the copying of relatively short strands of other RNAs, although they fall far short of being able to copy polymers with their own sequences into progeny RNAs.

This must be how the first genes, made of RNA, would have copied themselves.

The protein that copies viral RNA is polymerase protein L, which conducts all the enzymatic activities needed to synthesize RNA and then add a cap structure to its end to ensure it doesn't get destroyed by the cell — and to ensure that it can be translated into protein.

That is a good start, but it leaves unanswered the question: How do you get from tiny snippets of RNA to longer, well - crafted chains that could have acted as the first enzymes, doing fancy things like copying themselves The shortest RNA enzyme chains known today are about 50 bases long; most have more than 100.

With all the mixing, something special might eventually have formed: an RNA molecule that made rough copies of itself.

The assay was found to be 100 % sensitive and 100 % specific to ZIKV RNA from semen samples with a limit of detection of 5 viral copies per mL of semen.

Dr. Satish Rattan, Professor in the Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Jefferson's Sidney Kimmel Medical College, together with Drs. Jagmohan Singh and Ipsita Mohanty, used altered copies of the body's own genetic make - up — small RNA fragments (microRNAs) that regulate the target gene RhoA / ROCK — in order to strengthen or weaken the muscle tone of the sphincter.

A major part of the project was identifying sequences that cells copy, or transcribe, into RNA molecules.

The EGS emerges unchanged and binds to other copies of the drug - resistant RNA template.

A key advantage of this approach is detection without the need for RNA purification or copying RNA into DNA.

Although the researchers do not yet know how disruptions in TOP3B affect brain development, they say the most likely explanation is that it changes the shape of the RNA, and thereby disturbs which RNA molecules get copied into proteins.

Several species, including Arabidopsis, rice, mice and humans, copy a surprising amount of RNA from the «wrong» DNA strand — that is, the strand opposite the one that specifies a protein.

In earlier work published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Peersen and co-authors had discovered the exact chemical steps by which the RNA - dependent RNA polymerase copies the virus genome.

Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence - independent amplification

The study showed the protein also rearranges itself into rings in order to bind RNA and control the internal components of the virus copied inside infected cells.

The simple RNA genome lets viruses make millions of copies within days, and many of those copies contain «mistakes,» or mutations, that can slightly alter the vaccine virus and restore its ability to cause disease.

The copies were made from RNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), since an RT inhibitor blocked viral DNA production in infected cells.