Sentences with phrase «raper et»

Since both quantities are related to the size of the glacier, the time - scale is not necessarily longer for larger glaciers (Raper et al., 1996; Bahr et al., 1998), but it tends to be longer for glaciers in continental climates with low mass turnover (Jóhannesson et al., 1989; Raper et al., 2000).

The effective climate sensitivity and ocean heat uptake are compared by Raper et al. (2001b) using the CMIP2 data set (1 % / yr CO2 increase to doubling).

Indeed it has been shown in a comparison of results from the simple model and HadCM2 that the simple model under - estimates the temperature change compared to HadCM2 on longer time - scales (Raper et al., 2001a).

Raper et al. (2001b) show that an additional ocean - feedback is possibly associated with the warming and freshening of the high latitude surface waters that enhances this relationship.

Comparison between these simple models and the more complex fully coupled models also helps in interpreting causal mechanisms in the fully coupled models (e.g., Murphy, 1995; Raper et al., 2001).

Glacier mass balance modelling indicates that to compensate for the increased ablation from a temperature rise of 1 °C a precipitation increase of 20 % (Oerlemans, 1981) or 35 % (Raper et al., 2000) would be required.

Not exact matches

Raper, Steven et al. «Fatal Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in a Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficient Patient Following Adenoviral Gene Transfer.»

«Most workers» project 0.5 - 1.5 m rise in next 50 - 100 years if warming continues, according to Schneider (1989b), p. 777; he cites i.a. Meier et al. (1985); this range was taken as plausible for 2100 in National Research Council (1987); but only a few cm rise by 2025 according to the most cited of these papers, Wigley and Raper (1987).

In this report, we project future mass balance changes using regional mass balance sensitivities which take account of regional and seasonal climatic information, instead of using the heuristic model of Wigley and Raper (1995) employed by Warrick et al. (1996).

Since the late 1970s, it has been recognized that the identification of human effects on climate is inherently a signal - to - noise (S / N) problem [Hasselmann, 1979; Madden and Ramanathan, 1980; Wigley and Jones, 1981; Wigley and Raper, 1990; Allen et al., 1994; Santer et al., 1994, 1995].

Using available climate sensitivity uncertainty estimates (pdfs by Murphy et al., Gregory et al., Forest et al., Wigley & Raper, Knutti et al., etc...), the probability of overshooting 2 °C global mean temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for a stabilization at 550ppm CO2eq are between 70 % -99 %.

Probability density functions from different studies for global mean temperature change for the SRES scenarios B1, A1B and A2 and for the decades 2020 to 2029 and 2090 to 2099 relative to the 1980 to 1999 average (Wigley and Raper, 2001; Knutti et al., 2002; Furrer et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2006; Stott et al., 2006b).