Sentences with phrase «rashidun caliph»

[77] The Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al - Khattab signed a treaty with Monophysite Christian Patriarch Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.

It recalls earlier eras in Muslim history, when caliphs sometimes settled disagreements between Muslims, Christians and Jews through debates, not violence.

That point is key, since ISIS presents itself as the true reincarnation of early caliphs.

The Iraqi - born al - Baghdadi has declared himself «caliph» of an «Islamic State» that ISIS seeks to establish through ruthless violence.

It is a general Sunni accusation that on special occasions the Shi'as indulge in condemnation of the first three Caliphs, whom they regard as usurpers.

True consensus, ijma, was possible only during the time of the first two Caliphs and part of the rule of the third Caliph.

The Shi'as» condemnation of the first three Caliphs has been a source of friction with the Sunnis, for the Sunnis believe that excellence belonged to the first four Caliphs in the order of their succession.

Their relations with the Abbasid Caliphs varied according to the inclinations of individual rulers.

Under the first two Caliphs.

The Sunnis retaliated by publicly praising the deeds of the first four Caliphs.

Later, as the power of the Abbasid Caliphs declined, Sind became a neglected province governed by petty princes who acknowledged the Caliph only as their spiritual head.

The exercise of individual discretion was widespread after the time of the first two Caliphs, particularly after the great sedition arising out of the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman.

The Qur» an is the final and only authority after the time of the first four Caliphs.

Under the leadership of the Caliphs, Arabs captured Damascus in 636.

The isolation of the Hijaz was even more pronounced when the more distant Baghdad became the home of the Abbasid Caliphs and the center of political, intellectual, and literary activity.

No new idea or saying may be advocated unless it was given by the four Imams, the first four Caliphs.

There is no great difference concerning the lousy character between the wicked popes and Muhammad and his successors (the Caliphs).

Shias believe that, in accordance with the command of God, Muhammad divinely ordained his cousin and son - in - law Ali to be the next caliph, making Ali and his direct descendants Muhammad's successors.

The pope is the Western forerunner of the Antichrist, and Muhammad or the caliphs the Eastern forerunner of the Antichrist.

Historically, for the Muslim community to act, the leader of that community — the caliph for the Sunnis, the imam for the Shi'ites — had to authorize the action.

The authorized text was written down (c650) by Muhammad's secretary, Zaid ibn Thabit, by order of the caliph Uthman.

The Pact (c. 717 A.D.) was supposedly made (there is some dispute among historians on the exact date and circumstance of its beginnings) between the Umayyad caliph Umar II and «people of the book» (Christians and Jews) in the lands conquered by Muslim jihad.

Tradition dictates that a disgruntled priest who was bitter at being passed over for promotion had told the ruling Muslim caliph that a priest simply «greased the chain of iron that held the lamp over the tomb with oil of balsam» and, once the shrine had been sealed, «applied a match through the roof to the other extremity of the chain» so that «the fire descended immediately to the wick of the lamp and lighted it».

The Muslim conquerors signed treaties guaranteeing to the conquered people the freedom to practice their religion as long as they paid the required tribute to the caliph's treasury

As non-Arab peoples converted to Islam, they demanded a share of the power initially wielded by an Arab elite, and the Islamic empire of the caliphs broke down into a commonwealth - a commonwealth whose common denominator was broadly cultural and religious rather than political.

There was no science of theology during the lifetime of the Prophet and the first four Caliphs.

Hussein ibn Ali was the Prophet Muhammad's grandson who refused to pledge allegiance to the ruling Muslim caliph in the 7th century.

This is in response to QUDSIA A caliph represents the whole Muslims of the world.

As Caliph, Uthman acted against the principles of the previous Caliphs.

The new Caliph, the first of the Abbasid Caliphs, was a descendant of the uncle of the Prophet.

Mohammed's successors, the caliphs, quoted passages like these to inspire Muslim armies as they advanced out of Arabia, imposing Islam by the sword upon a peacefully unsuspecting Middle East and North Africa, as I described in the previous chapter.

That could not be true, for Mevlevis recited every morning «I am willing and consenting to have Allah as my God, Islam as my religion, Muhammad as my Prophet, the Qur» an as my Book, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali as my Imams,» which shows how they cared for the first four Caliphs.

These delegations were cordially received by the Chinese and laden with gifts to carry back to the Caliphs, indicating the continuing friendly relations between China and the Muslim rulers.

Turks who came as soldiers began to fill administrative posts in Baghdad and soon so much power in the government passed into their hands that they could dethrone Caliphs.

But in the eleventh century the Seljukian Turks, a prominent Tartar tribe and zealous followers of Islam, wrested from the caliphs almost all their Asiatic possessions.

The Saracen caliphs, for the four centuries and more that they held possession of Palestine, pursued usually an enlightened policy towards the pilgrims, even encouraging pilgrimages as a source of revenue.

In the time of the great Queen known as Victoria There arose in England a race of men Whose delight was in the desert, Who dreamed of Scheherazade and her tales of Haroun - al - Raschid, The greatest of the Caliphs, the master of disguise, Who glided half - hidden through the markets and alleys of Baghdad.

The principal dispute is about who should exercise authority over the Muslim community: the Sunni believe that a leader or caliph should be selected by the community, while the Shia hold that caliphs can only come from the descendents of the Mohammed's chosen successor, his cousin Ali.

Egyptian state - controlled media regularly broadcast the anti-Judaic and anti-Christian sermons that jihadist religious leaders preach on Fridays, and the history lessons in the state - controlled schools rarely mention the centuries when Egypt was a majority - Christian province of the caliph's empire.

The work of Bat Ye'or (discussed in FT August / September 1997, February 1998, and May 2002) has shown that the idea of an Egypt where Christians and Muslims lived together in peace under the caliphs is a multicultural myth.

And while Aristotle eventually received Catholic blessing because of the precedent set by Thomas Aquinas, Arab Aristotelians were largely secular professionals (physicians mostly) who had to rely on worldly patronage from caliphs and provincial governors.

Copts were needed to staff the government bureaucracy, which the caliphs largely took over from the Byzantine government.

In time only the first four caliphs came to be regarded as truly orthodox.

The Abbasid caliphs, who ruled in Baghdad from 750 to 1258, had rather more prestige and some called themselves Khalifat Allah or God's deputy, or even «the shadow of God upon earth» — phrases that would have shocked Muhammad.

The early caliphs inherited Muhammad's role as «commander of the faithful», but they were nor «messengers of God», as the prophet had been.

These first three caliphs were mainly political and military rulers.

The same way, Hitler murdered the Jews, Muhammad and his successors (the Caliphs) murdered the Christians (Turkey has murdered bulks of Christians).

Relative to the first four caliphs all Muslim rulers have been viewed as at least faintly illegitimate by the religious community.

He planned to travel to Baghdad, the Muslim cultural center and former residence of the caliph on the Tigris River.

Neither Muhammad nor the Rightly Guided Caliphs appointed a woman in a governing or judging post.