Non-market supporting services are
provided by deep - sea ecosystems in the form of habitat provision, nursery grounds, trophic support, refugia, and biodiversity functions
provided by assemblages on
seamounts, coral and sponge reefs, banks, canyons, slopes, fjords and other settings (Armstrong et al., 2012; Mengerink et al., 2014; Thurber et al., 2014; Levin and Le Bris, 2015).