Sentences with phrase «see chapter»

(See also see Chapter 2, «Beyond the Oil Peak,» Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, available for free online.)

For more on this subject, see Chapter 9, «Feeding Eight Billion Well,» in Lester R. Brown, Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization, available for free downloading.

«[S] atellite - based retrievals will never be able to be as accurate or precise as ground - based in - situ instruments, as the measurements are always affected by other confounding factors such as aerosols, which can never be fully eliminated with passive remote sensing (see Chapter 4).

Currently available proxy data are equivocal concerning a possible increase in the intensity of the meridional overturning cell for either transient or equilibrium climate states during the Pliocene, although an increase would contrast with the North Atlantic transient deep - water production decreases that are found in most coupled model simulations for the 21st century (see Chapter 10).

However, remotely sensed data are not as accurate as in situ measurements, which can be calibrated against standards (see Chapter 3).

Well, wait until you see Chapter Two, Temperatures in the past millennium.

It appears that moderate levels of atmospheric CO2 rise and climate change relative to current conditions may be beneficial in some regions (Nemani et al., 2003), depending on latitude, on the CO2 responsiveness of plant functional types, and on the natural adaptive capacity of indigenous biota (mainly through range shifts that are now being widely observed — see Chapter 1).

See chapter 9 p 29 where the Solomon et al and Santer et al 2012 papers are discussed.

Although there is some regional variation as noted in Chapter 10, some of these changes in DTR have also been seen over a number of areas of the world in observations (see Chapter 2).

A growing number of studies perform both the chemical production, transformation, and transportation of aerosols and the radiative forcing calculations (see Chapter 5) with the advantage of correlating predicted aerosol distributions precisely with fields determining aerosol production and deposition such as clouds (e.g., Penner et al., 1998b).

Extinction is an irreversible biological change that can fundamentally alter the ecosystem of which a lost species was a part, contributing to ecological state shifts as described in the last section and to depleting ecosystem services as described below (see Chapter 3, Boxes 3.1 and 3.2).

There is yet little confidence in this feedback component of climate models and therefore its possible contribution to global warming (see Chapter 8).

Carbonaceous aerosols (and in particular biomass burning aerosols) are efficient cloud condensation nuclei (see Chapter 5 and e.g., Novakov and Penner, 1993; Novakov and Corrigan, 1996).

The losses would have high potential for changing the function of existing ecosystems and degrading ecosystem services (see Chapter 3).

It is not known to what extent these differences in land - surface response translate into differences in global climate sensitivity (see Chapter 8, Section 8.5.4.3) although the uncertainty associated with the land - surface response must be smaller than the uncertainty associated with clouds (Lofgren, 1995).

Intercomparison experiments (see Chapter 8, Section 8.5.4) have quantified the inter-model differences in response to prescribed atmospheric forcing, and have demonstrated that the most significant outliers can be understood in terms of unrealistic physical approximations in their formulation, particularly the neglect of stomatal resistance.

Other aspects of aerosol - cloud interactions (e.g., cloud lifetime, semi-direct effect) are not considered to be an RF (see Chapter 7).

There is model - based evidence indicating that these differences in the land - surface response may be significant for the simulation of the local land - surface climate and regional atmospheric climate changes (see Chapter 7, Section 7.4).

Improved treatment of precipitation (see Chapter 7, Section 7.2.3) is an essential step.

(See Chapter 7, Section 7.4.3.)

Much attention in the land - surface modelling community has been directed toward the diversity of parametrizations of water and energy fluxes (see Chapter 7, Sections 7.4, 7.5, and Chapter 8, Section 8.5).

This insight, backed by the palaeo - climatic record (see Chapter 2, Section 2.4), is a new challenge for global change science because now thresholds have to be identified and their values need to be estimated using the entire hierarchy of climate models.

See chapter 9 of my early 2012 ebook Gaia's Limits for a much longer and more detailed rationale based on chapters 5 - 8, plus working out general economic «least harm» consequences if the fuel tax increase is ramped over time.

This latter may itself be an imperfect replica of true climate variability (see Chapter 8).

If you did you would find that IPCC argument that CO2 is a clear and present danger is built on the claim that «the models can not produce the recent temperature trends unless they include CO2» (see Chapter 9).

The chapter also discusses the limited focus in the foundation's 50 page strategy document on what would make for effective communication in the climate change debate [See chapter; Also discussion by another expert reviewer of the report].

See Chapter 4 of the Corporate Standard for more guidance and case studies.

A range of impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has been suggested under climate change (see, for example, Leemans and Eickhout, 2004), some of which are summarised in Table 9.1 (for further details see Chapter 4; Nkomo et al., 2006; Warren et al., 2006).

The 1976 divide is the date of a widely acknowledged «climate shift» (e.g. Trenberth, 1990) and seems to mark a time (see Chapter 9) when global mean temperature began a discernable upward trend that has been at least partly attributed to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere (see the TAR; IPCC 2001).

The effects of this uneven sampling are being investigated and quantified in several ways, for example by estimating «true» global - mean temperatures from the complete fields generated by satellite observations, blends of satellite and in situ data, or climate models, and then sampling these fields using the actual (incomplete) observed data coverage (see chapter 9).

For further discussion see chapter 7.

See chapter 6 of Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, Hamlet's Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and its Transmission Through Myth (Godine 1969).

For the thirty - year period 1979 to 2009 (sometimes updated through 2010 or 2011), the various observational datasets find, in the tropical lower troposphere (LT, see Chapter 2 for definition), an average warming trend ranging from 0.07 °C to 0.15 °C per decade.

Coral reefs and their fisheries are subject to many stresses in addition to climate change (see Chapter 4).

Direct effects of increasing temperature on marine and freshwater ecosystems are already evident, with rapid poleward shifts in regions, such as the north - east Atlantic, where temperature change has been rapid (see Chapter 1).

For further reading see Chapter 1 of the IPCC, and in particular section 1.2

In cold or snow - dominated river basins, atmospheric temperature increases do not only affect freshwater ecosystems via the warming of water (see Chapter 4) but also by causing water - flow alterations.

See Chapter 1, Section 1.3 for additional data.

As these glaciers retreat due to global warming (see Chapter 1), river flows are increased in the short term, but the contribution of glacier melt will gradually decrease over the next few decades.

In addition, coal resources are even larger than those of oil and gas; consuming all of them would enable the global economy to emit 5 times as much CO2 as has been released since 1850 (5,200 GtCO2 or 1,500 GtC)(see Chapter 3 in IPCC, 2001a).

The continued stability in public views about climate change are consistent with the analysis featured in the Climate Shift report (see Chapter 4).

See Chapter 4, p. 27 for a complete derivation and analysis applied to the North Sea.

In the B1 world, marginal areas (e.g., semi-arid lands) become more marginal, with moderate impacts on coastal systems (Thornton et al., 2006; see Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2).

These changes resulted from natural external forcings that, in some instances, triggered strong feedbacks as in the case of the LGM (see Chapter 6).

Because most AOGCMs have coarse resolution and large - scale systematic errors, and extreme events tend to be short lived and have smaller spatial scales, it is somewhat surprising how well the models simulate the statistics of extreme events in the current climate, including the trends during the 20th century (see Chapter 9 for more detail).

There have been few completed experiments using these AGCM techniques, which essentially are still under development (see Chapter 10, Section 10.4).

There is some very limited information on possible changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones (Bengtsson et al., 1996; Henderson - Sellers et al., 1998; Krishnamurti et al., 1998; Knutson and Tuleya, 1999; Walsh and Ryan, 2000); and of mid-latitude cyclones (Schubert et al., 1998), but these studies are far from definitive (see Chapter 9, Section 9.3.6, and Chapter 10 for discussion on changes of extremes with changes in climate).

This is particularly true for complex atmospheric phenomena such as hurricanes (see Chapter 10, Box 10.2).

The Committee recognizes that a research program in CDR faces difficult challenges to create viable, scalable, and affordable techniques, but the Committee argues that the situation with human - induced climate change is critical enough (see Chapter 1) that these CDR techniques need to be explored to assess their potential viability and potential breakthrough technologies need to nurtured as they arise.»

(See Chapter 3, Sections 3.6.2 and 3.7.1.)