Grazing by reindeer often results in a
vegetation shift from
tundra dominated by dwarf birch, crowberry and willows, to a meadow - like
vegetation dominated by grasses, sedges and forbs.
In the Arctic, the tipping points identified in the new report, published on Friday, include: growth in
vegetation on
tundra, which replaces reflective snow and ice with darker
vegetation, thus absorbing more heat; higher releases of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, from the
tundra as it warms;
shifts in snow distribution that warm the ocean, resulting in altered climate patterns as far away as Asia, where the monsoon could be effected; and the collapse of some key Arctic fisheries, with knock - on effects on ocean ecosystems around the globe.»