Sentences with phrase «southern ocean surface water»

Southern Ocean surface water is projected to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite at a CO2 concentration of approximately 600 ppm.

Southern Ocean surface water also has a harder time changing the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere, because it gets mixed into the interior so quickly.

This projection is consistent with the models (Orr et al. 2005) which predict that the Southern Ocean surface waters will be undersaturated in aragonite throughout the year by 2050.

``... Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050.

Not exact matches

Rich wildlife at this Southern Ocean island faces surface waters 1.8 degrees F warmer in winter and 4.1 degrees F warmer in summer than they were 80 years ago

Driven by stronger winds resulting from climate change, ocean waters in the Southern Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of theocean waters in the Southern Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of theOcean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively warm deep water rises to the surface and eats away at the underside of the ice.

Today, cold water sinks near the Arctic and flows deep below the surface of the Atlantic toward the southern oceans, where it rises up.

The opposite occurred in 1997 and 1998, when warm surface waters in the Pacific Ocean brought about by El Niño pushed rainfall systems north, leaving parts of the southern and eastern Amazon forest dry and prone to fires.

A new study has found that turbulent mixing in the deep waters of the Southern Ocean, which has a profound effect on global ocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength of surface eddies — the ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind spOcean, which has a profound effect on global ocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength of surface eddies — the ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind spocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength of surface eddies — the ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind spocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind speeds.

An international team of researchers analyzed the available data taken from all previous studies of the Southern Ocean, together with satellite images taken of the area, to quantify the amount of iron supplied to the surface waters of the Southern Ocean.

Britton Stephens, an NCAR scientist and the project's co-principal investigator, said HIPPO flights have collected the first large - scale measurements of carbon dioxide and oxygen cycling into and out of surface waters of the Southern Ocean.

With higher levels of carbon dioxide and higher average temperatures, the oceans» surface waters warm and sea ice disappears, and the marine world will see increased stratification, intense nutrient trapping in the deep Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean) and nutrition starvation in the other oceans.

Enceladus is subject to forces that heat a global ocean of liquid water under its icy surface, resulting in its famous south polar water jets which are just visible below the moon's dark, southern limb.

One explanation (ix) conceived in the 1980s invokes more stratification, less upwelling of carbon and nutrient - rich waters to the surface of the Southern Ocean and increased carbon storage at depth during glacial times.

The Center for Ocean Solutions writes: «Between 1951 and 1993 zooplankton biomass off Southern California decreased by 80 % as a result of warming surface waters.»

The significant difference between the observed decrease of the CO2 sink estimated by the inversion (0.03 PgC / y per decade) and the expected increase due solely to rising atmospheric CO2 -LRB--0.05 PgC / y per decade) indicates that there has been a relative weakening of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink (0.08 PgC / y per decade) due to changes in other atmospheric forcing (winds, surface air temperature, and water fluxes).

Finally, if the North American hydrologic cycle is enhanced, and / or Greenland's southern ice caps melt, the increased fresh water runoff from land areas could dilute the ocean surface water and critically reduce its salinity.

Model simulations indicate that polar surface waters will become undersaturated for aragonite in the near future for the Arctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 400 - 450 ppm) and by mid-century for the southern ocean off the Antarctic (atmospheric carbon dioxide of 550 - 600 ppm).

17 El Nino verses La Nina El Niño La Niña Trade winds weaken Warm ocean water replaces offshore cold water near South America Irregular intervals of three to seven years Wetter than average winters in NC La Niña Normal conditions between El Nino events When surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are colder than average The southern US is usually warmer and dryer in climate

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly avocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly avocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly avocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly avOcean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

Documenting a change in carbon content of surface waters might be possible in the tropics, but it would be a nightmare in the Southern Ocean, probably impossible to do reliably.

This flow exerts a shearing stress on the ocean surface, which results in the deflection of the upper layer of water above the thermocline to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

Last year, a study found that warm, deep circumpolar water was beginning to approach ice faces of the Totten Glacier plunging 1 mile below the surface of the Southern Ocean.

ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) variability is linked to the spinning up or down of the South Pacific gyre — as it brings more or less cold Southern Ocean water northward — along the Peruvian coast — to more or less displace warm surface water and initiate upwelling.

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation has the same temporal pattern of warm and cool surface water — which raises interesting questions about how these northern and southern hemisphere ocean phenomenon are linked.

Presumably, the theorized massive movement of heat from shallow surface waters to deep regions of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans remains an active process.

When surface winds are strong, they stir the Southern Ocean and lift the warm water (red) onto the continental shelf where the additional heat contributes to melt of the ice shelf.

Secondly, the freshening of Antarctic surface water induces a slowdown of the lower overturning circulation, leading to an increase of the biological carbon storage in the Southern Ocean.

The Southern Ocean is separated from the remaining global ocean by the surface - to - seabed Polar Front [52], which is a major barrier to dispersal of fauna to and from Antarctic waters Ocean is separated from the remaining global ocean by the surface - to - seabed Polar Front [52], which is a major barrier to dispersal of fauna to and from Antarctic waters ocean by the surface - to - seabed Polar Front [52], which is a major barrier to dispersal of fauna to and from Antarctic waters [53].

The temperature signal in deep ocean δ18O refers to the sea surface where cold dense water formed and sank to the ocean bottom, the principal location of deep water formation being the Southern Oocean δ18O refers to the sea surface where cold dense water formed and sank to the ocean bottom, the principal location of deep water formation being the Southern Oocean bottom, the principal location of deep water formation being the Southern OceanOcean.

The surface waters of the Southern Ocean are saturated with calcium carbonate.

The initial weakening is mainly driven by the anomalous surface heat flux in the subpolar North Atlantic, as suggested by previous studies, while the final slow strengthening could be attributed to the reduction of brine rejection in the Southern Ocean and the subsequent weakening of Antarctic Bottom Water.

Our climate model exposes amplifying feedbacks in the Southern Ocean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stabiOcean that slow Antarctic bottom water formation and increase ocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stabiocean temperature near ice shelf grounding lines, while cooling the surface ocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stabiocean and increasing sea ice cover and water column stability.

Scientists looked at radiocarbon levels in the shells of microscopic animals which lived both near the surface and on / near the bottom of the Southern Ocean, and found large quantities of carbon locked away in «old deep water» around Antarctica.

Polar and sub-polar surface waters and the Southern Ocean will be aragonite under - saturated by 2100 (Orr et al., 2005) and Arctic waters will be similarly threatened (Haugan et al., 2006).