Sentences with phrase «summer sea surface»

Proxy data covering the past 9000 years from Point Barrow revealed annual sea ice covering the eastern Chukchi Sea varied from only 5.5 to 9 months, and summer sea surface temperatures ranged from 3 to 7.5 °C, much higher than today (McKay 2008).

Not exact matches

There is no longer support in the sea surface temperature field for an early start to the summer monsoon in western Mexico.

This is bad news for coral as in the summer months less food reaches them from the surface, says Jordi Salat of the Institute of Sea Sciences in Barcelona, Spain.

As for the increase in phosphorus content, it was caused by the phosphorus that in the summer of 2014 flowed in from the deep waters in the north of the Baltic Sea main basin and the phosphorus that was released from the Gulf of Finland's own seabed in the poor oxygen conditions and mixed with the surface layer during last winter.

Perhaps, says Hayward, bryozoan larvae feed on algae that grow on the underside of sea ice; then they might accidentally surface when the ice breaks up in summer, before sinking to the bottom for good.

Forecasting years ahead relies on sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic, whereas the El Niño Southern Oscillation is important for a shorter - term forecast before each summer.

The findings suggest the latitude of the Atlantic jet stream in summer is influenced by several factors including sea surface temperatures, solar variability, and the extent of Arctic sea - ice, indicating a potential long - term memory and predictability in the climate system.

The evaluation of the data show a clear correlation between the sea surface temperatures in the Irminger Sea in summer, the amount of surface freshwater in this region and the atmospheric conditions and onset of convection in the following wintsea surface temperatures in the Irminger Sea in summer, the amount of surface freshwater in this region and the atmospheric conditions and onset of convection in the following wintSea in summer, the amount of surface freshwater in this region and the atmospheric conditions and onset of convection in the following winter.

«As revealed by monthly snapshots of sea surface height from satellite imagery and other estimates, the Loop Current from late winter through summer 2012 was positioned to the west of the shelf slope in deeper water,» Weisberg explained.

Sea surface temperatures were warmer this past summer also; I forget how many standard deviations the temperature was off the trend, but it was definitely anomalous.

Consistent with observed changes in surface temperature, there has been an almost worldwide reduction in glacier and small ice cap (not including Antarctica and Greenland) mass and extent in the 20th century; snow cover has decreased in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere; sea ice extents have decreased in the Arctic, particularly in spring and summer (Chapter 4); the oceans are warming; and sea level is rising (Chapter 5).

Shabbar, A. & Skinner, W. Summer drought patterns in Canada and the relationship to global sea surface temperatures.

However, climate change is causing abnormally high sea - surface temperatures, which is causing corals to bleach during summer months (see below for detail).

And summer is prime melt season, when the sun's rays beat down on the ice, causing meltwater to pool on the surface and drain down through the ice sheet and out to sea.

As life heats up (literally if you consider that in September climate scientists announced that Arctic sea ice has shrunk to its smallest surface area since 1979, and an ice - free summer in the Arctic may now happen within the next few years, not the next centu...

Past summer, extratropical temperature changes appear, for example, to have have differed significantly from annual temperature changes over the entire (tropical and extratropical) Northern Hemisphere, and tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures appear to have varied oppositely with temperatures in the extratropical regions of the globe.

Hopefully, this bodes well for sea ice survival this summer, but as you will likely see if you look in once in awhile, the surface conditions change remarkably during the summer, and from the appearance you may appreciate the associated changes in the fraction of solar heating absorbed by the ice.

(57j) For surface + tropospheric warming in general, there is (given a cold enough start) positive surface albedo feedback, that is concentrated at higher latitudes and in some seasons (though the temperature response to reduced summer sea ice cover tends to be realized more in winter when there is more heat that must be released before ice forms).

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

An apparent lag in temperature seen in the Greenland ice cores might be an artifact of the proximity of the large Laurentide Ice Sheet, which would have limited the near surface air temperature to the freezing point, as happens over summer sea - ice now.

The National Climatic Data Center has released its review of worldwide sea surface temperatures for August and for the stretch from June through August and finds that both the month and the «summer» (as looked at from the Northern Hemisphere) were the warmest at least since 1880, when such records were first systematically compiled.

Composite satellite measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) and real - color land and sea ice images for the end of the summer 2011 season in the Pacific Arctic.

Levine, R.C., Turner, A.G., Marathayil, D. and Martin, G.M. (accepted Dec 2012), The role of northern Arabian Sea surface temperature biases in CMIP5 model simulations and future predictions of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, in press, Climate Dynamics., DOI 10.1007 / s00382 -012-1656-x link

Most interesting is that the about monthly variations correlate with the lunar phases (peak on full moon) The Helsinki Background measurements 1935 The first background measurements in history; sampling data in vertical profile every 50 - 100m up to 1,5 km; 364 ppm underthe clouds and above Haldane measurements at the Scottish coast 370 ppmCO2 in winds from the sea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aversea; 355 ppm in air from the land Wattenberg measurements in the southern Atlantic ocean 1925-1927 310 sampling stations along the latitudes of the southern Atlantic oceans and parts of the northern; measuring all oceanographic data and CO2 in air over the sea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aversea; high ocean outgassing crossing the warm water currents north (> ~ 360 ppm) Buchs measurements in the northern Atlantic ocean 1932 - 1936 sampling CO2 over sea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aversea surface in northern Atlantic Ocean up to the polar circle (Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Barents Sea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly averSea); measuring also high CO2 near Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen current, North Cape current) 364 ppm and CO2 over sea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly aversea crossing the Atlantic from Kopenhagen to Newyork and back (Brements on a swedish island Lundegards CO2 sampling on swedish island (Kattegatt) in summer from 1920 - 1926; rising CO2 concentration (+7 ppm) in the 20s; ~ 328 ppm yearly average

«A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea [18] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching»

Many retreats began with an increase in thinning rates near the front in the summer of 2003, a year of record high coastal - air and sea - surface temperatures.

A survey of trends in dispersed and concentrated sea ice extent in the Arctic in the northern summer and northern winter and in the Antarctic in the southern summer and southern winter for the period 1979 - 2015 shows a negative trend in dispersed and concentrated sea ice extent in the Arctic in the northern summer amid rising surface temperature in the northern hemisphere.

But as the summer progressed, El Niño didn't form the way scientists expected it to: sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific never warmed enough to truly be called an El Niño, and the buzz fizzled out.

Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.

Regional climate simulations, driven by two «well performing» dynamically downscaled IPCC models, also shows an amplification of historical summer temperature and precipitation extremes is occurring in conjunction with the Pacific sea surface temperature influence on US regional climate.

The surface warming is modest in summer because energy is used to melt remaining sea ice and warm the upper ocean.

«The results we currently have should be viewed as preliminary,» said Friederike Otto, «because the observed sea surface temperatures are not yet available for this summer, we have simulated the summer of 2014 as a proxy.

During Arctic summer, atmospheric noise and surface melting prevent the unambiguous retrieval of sea ice motion vectors from the sensors and channels we use.

Surface air temperature change in winter and summer when using doubled CO2 sea surface temperatures as calculated in the GISS (DBL CO2) and GFDL (ALT) models circa early - midSurface air temperature change in winter and summer when using doubled CO2 sea surface temperatures as calculated in the GISS (DBL CO2) and GFDL (ALT) models circa early - midsurface temperatures as calculated in the GISS (DBL CO2) and GFDL (ALT) models circa early - mid-1980s.

This is considered less reliable in the summer due the presence of surface melt water which the satellites can not distinguish from sea water.

Tivy (University of Alaska Fairbanks); 5.7 Million Square Kilometers; Statistical This method is based on a simple regression where the predictor is the previous summer (May / June / July) sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans near the marginal ice zone.

This summer, sea surface temperatures were higher than average, but lower than in the last three years.

The predicted September sea ice area in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas, from a simple regression model using summer (Aug - Sep - Oct) sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic as the predictor, is below normal but greater than in 2009.

''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»

Influence of sea surface temperature on the European heat wave of 2003 summer.

Black et al. (15) analyzed basic factors that likely contributed to the summer 2003 European heat wave, examining large - scale atmospheric flow, regional heat budget at the top of the atmosphere, and sea surface temperature.

I suspect ExxonMobil may have been heavily influenced by the drop in the sea ice summer surface area observed in 2012.

As a hydrologist — I would happily predict much more summer rainfall in Australia, India, China, Indonesia and Africa for a decade or three more — based on patterns of sea surface temperature in the Pacific.

Implications of North Atlantic sea surface salinity for summer precipitation over the US Midwest: Mechanisms and predictive value (J. Climate)

Furthermore, significant warming during the satellite sea surface temperature record (1982 — 2009) is mainly limited to the summer months... we speculate that Bering Sea primary productivity is likely to rise under conditions of future warming and sea ice loss.&raqsea surface temperature record (1982 — 2009) is mainly limited to the summer months... we speculate that Bering Sea primary productivity is likely to rise under conditions of future warming and sea ice loss.&raqSea primary productivity is likely to rise under conditions of future warming and sea ice loss.&raqsea ice loss.»

Nov 2007) and the comment of Meier et al. (below) point out that at far northern latitudes, the surface receives less solar radiation over the summer season compared with the Beaufort Sea.

For example, the dramatic decline of summer sea ice in the Arctic — a loss of ice cover roughly equal to half the area of the continental United States — exacerbates global warming by reducing the reflectivity of Earth's surface and increasing the amount of heat absorbed.

Sea Surface Temperatures are running low near southern Alaska, and portions of Alaska are coming off one of their coldest summers on record.

Multi-model mean changes in surface air temperature (°C, left), precipitation (mm day — 1, middle) and sea level pressure (hPa, right) for boreal winter (DJF, top) and summer (JJA, bottom).

Haloclines are formed by summer melt water which is lower in salinity than the ocean and spreads over the surface as it can not penetrate the less dense, low salinity Arctic sea water.