Sentences with phrase «surface reflectivity by»

Related Highlights: Double Bonus: Win - Win for Atmospheric Particle Properties; Fast and Rigorous: Finding Surface Reflectivity by Looking Up at Clouds; Lord of the Wings: Elevated Particles a Rising Star.

Not exact matches

The research showed that, compared to pure snow and ice, the reflectivity of the glacier (known as the «albedo») can be reduced by up to 80 % in places where coloured microbial populations are extremely dense, leading to the darkening of the glacier surface.

Modifying the roofs with light - colored tiles, the team found that using light - colored concrete, or applying white glazes to buildings, could increase the reflectivity of urban surfaces by 10 %.

The surface's reflectivity, which scientists call albedo, could decrease by as much as 10 percent by the end of the century, the study finds.

By measuring the surface temperature of a Kuiper Belt object, and combining this with optical observations, its surface reflectivity and hence its diameter can be determined accurately.

Using satellite data, the scientists then assessed how this new tree and plant cover would drive three climate feedbacks: water vapor in the air, carbon absorption by plants and the reflectivity of the Earth's surface.

sigmaT ^ 4 is the upward blackbody radiation (based on stefan - boltzmann) at the surface, «a» is the albedo (reflectivity), so (1 - a) is the fraction of incident solar radiation that is absorbed by the planet.

Geoengineering proposals fall into at least three broad categories: 1) managing atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., ocean fertilization and atmospheric carbon capture and sequestration), 2) cooling the Earth by reflecting sunlight (e.g., putting reflective particles into the atmosphere, putting mirrors in space to reflect the sun's energy, increasing surface reflectivity and altering the amount or characteristics of clouds), and 3) moderating specific impacts of global warming (e.g., efforts to limit sea level rise by increasing land storage of water, protecting ice sheets or artificially enhancing mountain glaciers).

«Applying a 3.6 % cloud reflectivity perturbation to the shortwave energy balance partitioning given by Trenberth et al. (2009) corresponds to an increase of 2.7 Wm ⁻² of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface and an increase of 2.4 Wm ⁻² absorbed by the surface.»

It would have to be something that affected the net heat balance of the earth by affecting incoming radiation (solar inputs, aerosols, clouds), the reflectivity of the earth (ice caps, land use changes) or the ability of the surface to cool (greenhouse gases).

As the earth's natural air conditioner, white sea ice moderates solar heating by increasing the reflectivity of Earth's surface and decreasing the amount of heat that would otherwise by absorbed by darker ice - free Arctic seas.

For example, the dramatic decline of summer sea ice in the Arctic — a loss of ice cover roughly equal to half the area of the continental United States — exacerbates global warming by reducing the reflectivity of Earth's surface and increasing the amount of heat absorbed.

That is until the surface is covered by snow, which being about the same reflectivity as clouds, cancels the decrease in the incident power so that the net effect is to trap surface warmth.

In short, Lindzen's argument is that the radiative forcing from aerosols is highly uncertain with large error bars, and that they have both cooling (mainly by scattering sunlight and seeding clouds) and warming (mainly by black carbon darkening the Earth's surface and reducing its reflectivity) effects.

But these snow - covered caps are increasingly interrupted by pits like these, whose black mud bottoms of rocky sediment called cryoconite drastically reduces polar surface reflectivity.

As others have pointed out, excluding clouds, the average reflectivity of earth's surface is about 0.124 Earth is not a blackbody, most of the earth is covered by ocean, which has an emissivity between 0.92 and 0.96 - I'll use a 0.94 average.

The albedo of the Earth System, including the reflectivity of clouds and of the surface is estimated to be 70 % 30 % by many experts.

Is there any likelihood a bloom of plankton (from a freshwater pulse, or fallout of a dust cloud full of minerals, for example) would change the temperature of the surface water (change the reflectivity, I suppose, or change how much is absorbed by making more complicated molecules for photosynthesis)-- sufficient to make the water mass density change, affecting whether it sinks or not?

Abstract «Optically thin AlGaAs / GaAs / AlGaAs double heterostructures, (5000 Å), are floated off their substrates by the epitaxial liftoff technique and mounted on various high reflectivity surfaces.

They are now quite complex and factor in things like; variable output by the sun, variations in the earth's orbit around the sun, greenhouse gases AND dust from volcanoes, greenhouse gases from decay in wetlands and from agriculture (rice paddies are artificial wetlands), differences in the reflectivity («albedo») of different surfaces (grass reflects more sunlight than forest, and ice much more than open water etc.)... and there are many more.

The albedo or reflectivity of the ice surface is decreased by coating the surface with black particulates which don't reflect but absorb the heat from the Sun.

Because meltwater is less reflective than ice, the surface of the ice sheet is already absorbing more sunlight — previous research found that the reflectivity of the Greenland ice has dropped by 6 percent in the last decade, according to an Ohio State University release on the new research.