They both had considerable
systemic inflammation, which can be measured by
levels of multiple pro-inflammatory
cytokines in the blood serum.
Consistent with other investigators, 22,58 there were not reliable relationships between the local production of
cytokines at inflammatory sites and
levels in
systemic circulation (data not shown); thus, local production is the primary presumptive pathway.22, 58
Although greater early local production of proinflammatory
cytokines at wound sites is beneficial because it is associated with enhanced healing, greater
systemic production of proinflammatory
cytokines can represent a maladaptive response.24 Both physical and psychological stressors can provoke transient increases in plasma
levels of proinflammatory
cytokines, particularly IL - 6,25 as can negative emotions like depression and anxiety.26 - 28 More frequent or persistent stress - related changes have broad implications for physical and mental health; sustained elevated
levels of proinflammatory
cytokines have been linked to a variety of age - related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, and frailty and functional decline.29 - 31