a. Those who are the subject of international parental disputes over custody or contact; b. Those who are the subject of international abduction (including in those states which are not able to join the 1980 Hague
Child Abduction Convention); c. Those who are placed abroad in alternative care arrangements which do not come within the definition of adoption and are therefore outside the scope of the 1993 Hague Inter-country Adoption Convention; d. Those who are the subject of cross-border trafficking and other
forms of exploitation, including sexual abuse; e. Those who are refugees or
unaccompanied minors.