The microwave background marks the limit
of the observable
universe, nearly 14 billion light - years away, and Rudnick believes that the void, which is 6 billion to 10 billion light - years away, imprinted its form on the microwave background by the simple virtue
of being empty:
Under the
influence of dark energy and
gravity, space containing clusters
of galaxies compresses microwaves to a shorter, warmer part
of the spectrum, while space that is empty on this scale stretches and cools microwaves.
Estimating both the distance and recession speed
of ancient Type - Ia supernovae allow astronomers to calculate the expansion
of the
universe, back during an era when matter in the
universe was still relatively dense and expansion was still slowing
under the
influence of gravity and before its later hypothesized, subsequent acceleration from a mysterious repulsive force (more from NASA's Observatorium and NERSC's press release).