Value added measures provide information about how schools are doing, but they may not be convincing measures of the causal effect of the principal of student learning.
Not exact matches
One source — it's unclear whether he is the same source who
provided the above quote — said that other
measures, such as
value -
added and capital gains taxes on cryptocurrency trades and corporate taxes on exchanges, are also being discussed in government circles.
While we prefer to compare market capitalization with corporate gross
value added, including estimated foreign revenues, the following chart
provides a longer historical perspective of where reliable valuation
measures stand at present.
Our closing prices
provide a foundation for each seller to
measure their
value added activities.
For many purposes, such as tenure or retention decisions, it is not the «year to year» correlation that matters, but the «year - to - career» — that is, the degree to which a single year's
value -
added measure would
provide information about a teacher's likely impact on students over their future careers.
A second study, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues,
provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of
value -
added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous
measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test - scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.
That is not information a
value -
added measure can
provide.
For example, support for the improvement of student testing, for the development of improved databases and
value -
added measures, and for initial payments of expanded salaries under performance - based pay could
provide important incentives for the states to move toward more logical and more effective funding systems.
Provided the movement of teachers in and out of a grade has not changed the makeup of students enrolled in that grade, this finding supports the conclusion that
measured value -
added of teachers is an unbiased predictor of future test - score gains, as there appears to be no other explanation for the resulting improvement in test scores.
Examples of such initiatives include the No Child Left Behind legislation in the United States, which required schools to demonstrate that they were making adequate yearly progress and
provided escalating negative consequences for schools that were unable to do this; the creation and publication of league tables of «
value -
added»
measures of school performance in England; proposals to introduce financial rewards for school improvement and performance pay tied to improved test results in Australia; and the encouragement of competition between schools under New Zealand's Tomorrow's Schools program.
But in order to know what activities truly
add value and help to achieve goals,
measuring results and
providing evidence of success is vital.
The
value -
added measures are designed to
provide estimates of the independent effect of the teacher on the growth in a student's learning and to separate this from other influences on achievement such as families, peers, and neighborhoods.
A second study, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues,
provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of
value -
added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous
measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.
, recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by Gary Chamberlain, using the same data as Chetty and his colleagues,
provides fodder both for skeptics and supporters of the use of
value -
added: while confirming Chetty's finding that the teachers who have impacts on contemporaneous
measures of student learning also have impacts on earnings and college going, Chamberlain also found that test scores are a very imperfect proxy for those impacts.
Polikoff said that the
value -
added measures do
provide some information, but they're meaningless if you want to use them to improve instruction.
As described in an earlier brief, some research
provides evidence that
value -
added measures — at least those that compare teachers within the same school and adjust well for students» prior achievement — do not favor teachers who teach certain types of students.
The VAL - ED has not yet been validated to show that the teacher survey rating is related to student achievement growth, but I'd bet it
provides better information about principal performance than either a rating by a supervisor or any currently existing
value -
added measure.
A third potential way to use
value -
added measures to improve schools is to
provide teachers with incentives for better performance.
New observational protocols are likely to be more useful than
value -
added measures because they
provide teachers with information on specific teaching practices.
Given the imprecision of
value -
added measures and their inability to
provide information about specific teaching practices, we might logically conclude that they can not be useful tools for school improvement.
If the programs aim to improve teacher effectiveness,
value -
added measures can
provide useful evidence.
It is important to note, however, that even if the conclusions from these studies are right, they
provide evidence about whether
value -
added measures are valid on the average across large numbers of teachers.
Value -
added measures of improvement are more precise
measures for groups of teachers than they are for individual teachers, thus they may
provide useful information on improvement associated with practices, programs or schools.
Multiple years of
value -
added scores
provide better information on teacher effectiveness than does just one year, but even multiple - year
measures are not precise.
The second means through which
value -
added measures may be used for improvement is by
providing information for making better human resource decisions about individual teachers.
Value -
added measures clearly do not
provide useful information for teachers about practices they need to improve.
For example, one study, which points out that almost all the evidence about validity is based on studies in elementary schools,
provides evidence that typical
value -
added measures are biased in middle and high school.
While research can inform the use of
value -
added measures, most decisions about how to use these
measures require personal judgment, as well as a greater understanding of school and district factors than research can
provide.
What we should do instead is expand upon the accountability
measures set in place a decade ago under No Child — and
provide families with the data they need (including, contrary to the assertions of our friend, Andy Rotherham,
value -
added data on teacher performance) so they can make smart choices and spur systemic reform.
By combining the
measures of current API status and three - year pattern of growth to the approximated
added value as
measured by SSM, the framework
provides a more comprehensive performance management construct to assess school progress than any one metric alone.
For example, high scores on classroom observations rubrics and content knowledge assessments should be correlated with high
value -
added scores, so the overall evaluation system
provides a valid and reliable tool for
measuring effective teaching.
Value -
added assessment
provides results that are tied to teacher effectiveness, not student demographics; this is a much more fair accountability
measure.
Studies
provide evidence that
value -
added measures meaningfully distinguish between teachers whose future students will consistently perform well and teachers whose students will not.
The research presented above raises two concerns for states: 1) Is the
value -
added for teachers from one test
providing an adequate
measure of the teacher's contributions to learning, and how can the data be used to
provide the most accurate
measure of teacher effectiveness?
We also need to better understand which skills lead to better long - term outcomes and to determine how best to
measure those skills so that
value -
added can
provide the most meaningful
measure of a teachers» effectiveness.
If school leaders are effectively evaluating and motivating teachers using
measures other than
value -
added measures, then
value -
added measures may
provide little benefit for students.
The report notes that evaluations are most effective when
value added scores are combined with other classroom
measures, such as observations — which
provide opportunities for school leaders and line managers to see teachers in action — and surveys of pupils about the quality of teaching they receive.
Can
value -
added measures provide valuable information to assess the quality of teachers and to create incentives for improvement?
We use longitudinal data from Washington State to
provide estimates of the extent to which performance on the edTPA, a performance - based, subject - specific assessment of teacher candidates, is predictive of the likelihood of employment in the teacher workforce and
value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness.
In the study titled «Different Tests, Different Answers: The Stability of Teacher
Value - Added Estimates Across Outcome Measures» published in 2009 by the 3rd best and most reputable peer - reviewed journal, American Educational Research Journal, Papay presents evidence that different yet similar tests (i.e., similar on content, and similar on when the tests were administered to similar sets of students) do not provide similar answers about teachers» value - added perform
Value -
Added Estimates Across Outcome Measures» published in 2009 by the 3rd best and most reputable peer - reviewed journal, American Educational Research Journal, Papay presents evidence that different yet similar tests (i.e., similar on content, and similar on when the tests were administered to similar sets of students) do not provide similar answers about teachers» value - added perform
Added Estimates Across Outcome
Measures» published in 2009 by the 3rd best and most reputable peer - reviewed journal, American Educational Research Journal, Papay presents evidence that different yet similar tests (i.e., similar on content, and similar on when the tests were administered to similar sets of students) do not
provide similar answers about teachers»
value - added perform
value -
added perform
added performance.
In your career, it's sometimes harder to
measure progress and the
value you
add to an organization (and if your current employer does not
provide performance evaluations, tracking your own accomplishments is even more important).