Sagan had proposed very high
Venusian surface temperatures, and ascribed them to an ultra-strong greenhouse effect on the basis of careful calculations using all that was then known.
Also notice that
the Venusian surface temperature is near constant day and night - diurnal (daily) temperature change is about zero.
The clouds would have reflected sunlight back into space to cool
the Venusian surface, so that its atmosphere would have been 100 Kelvin cooler than without them.
And no spacecraft at all have landed on
the Venusian surface since 1985.
Not exact matches
Studies of hydrogen molecules in the
Venusian atmosphere by NASA's Pioneer - Venus probe indicate that the planet once had liquid water on its
surface, perhaps even expansive oceans.
Prospects for
Venusian life have been dismissed because of harsh conditions on the planet's
surface: there is no water, temperatures reach 477 °C and the atmospheric pressure is 92 times that on Earth's
surface.
In 1975, Venera 9 became the first probe to send back pictures from the
surface of another planet: fuzzy images of the rock - strewn
Venusian landscape.
Then again, with the
surface of Venus being at almost 900 °F (500 °C) under more than 90 times the air pressure of Earth's atmosphere at sea level, with occasional showers of acid, it's not easy to test the properties of materials under
Venusian conditions.
Venus Express has also detected water molecules escaping into space, found concrete evidence for lightning in the
venusian atmosphere, and provided infrared glimpses of the hot
surface.
While the large atmospheric pressure at the
surface and the high altitude of the
Venusian cloud layer appears to exclude the possibility of cloud - to - ground lightning (Gurnett et al. 2001; Aplin 2006), several authors have suggested that lightning discharges above, between or within clouds may occur (Borucki 1982; Russell & Scarf 1990; Gurnett et al. 2001).
Rocks interact with the
Venusian atmosphere differently than they would with the
surface atmosphere on Earth or Mars.
Did you think that the
Venusian atmosphere was transparent to most of the
surface radiation at a peak wavelength of 3.9 μm?
So the
Venusian atmosphere is set into overdrive as far as the Greenhouse Effect is concerned, cooking its
surface.
Then, for the benefit of the lay reader, who would not be expected to understand the clear (to a competent physical scientist) implication of this simply - stated fact, I wrote: «This in fact indicates that the
Venusian atmosphere is heated mainly by incident infrared [not the VISIBLE portion, which is indeed largely reflected, defenders, but INFRARED] radiation from the Sun, WHICH IS NOT REFLECTED BUT ABSORBED [or allowed in to heat the lower atmosphere] by Venus's clouds, rather than by warming first of the planetary
surface.
this allows the ocean's evaporative process to shed massive amounts of
surface heat in a way that the
venusian atmosphere could never do.
Second, robotic probes have measured Venus» atmosphere to be about 97 % CO2, and we can see from the image above (click for a larger version) that the absorption spectrum for CO2 (at Earth temperature and pressure —
Venusian temperature and pressure increases the width of the absorption bands, making CO2 a stronger absorber in Venus» atmosphere than in Earth's) strongly overlaps the peak emission spectrum of Venus»
surface.
This means he overestimated solar energy entering the lower
Venusian atmosphere by a factor of about 7 so came to the conclusion that he could assume NET
surface IR was much greater than reality and imagined it, rather than gravity, causes lapse rate warming.
The huge pressure at the
surface is where we observe the high
Venusian temperature.