Sentences with phrase «vial et»
Figure 9.43 (a) Strengths of individual feedbacks for CMIP3 and CMIP5 models (left and right columns of symbols) for Planck (P), water vapour (WV), clouds (C), albedo (A), lapse rate (LR), combination of water vapour and lapse rate (WV+LR) and sum of all feedbacks except Planck (ALL), from Soden and Held (2006) and Vial et al. (2013), following Soden et al. (2008).
http://www.atmos.albany.edu/
The CO2 ERF is one - half the 4 × CO2 forcings from Andrews et al. (2012), and the total feedback (ALL + Planck) is from Vial et al. (2013).
More than half of the ECS variance across models can be traced to differences in the reflection of sunlight by tropical low clouds (TLCs)(Bony and Dufresne 2005; Vial et al. 2013).
In fact, uncertainties in how clouds change with warming are the primary source of the large spread in climate projections for the next century (Bony and Dufresne 2005; Vial et al. 2013; Brient and Schneider 2016).