D. ASD astrocytes release factors that are sufficient to impair the development of
WT neurons.
Normalized responses of Fura -2-AM loaded geniculate ganglion neurons revealed that a subset (solid circles; 5/19) of
WT neurons were activated by 10 μm 5 - HT; no neurons from 5 - HT3AKO animals (open circles; 0/25) responded to 5 - HT, yet all responded to 10 μm ATP and 55 mm KCl.
Not exact matches
wt and autophagy - deficient Atg7flox / flox; Nes - Cre primary
neurons expressing APP were stained for Aβ.
Approximately 25 % of all
WT geniculate
neurons (5/19; Fig. 5) responded to exogenous 5 - HT with an increase in intracellular calcium, whereas no
neurons from 5 - HT3AKO mice responded (0/25, p = 0.011, Fisher's exact test; Fig. 5).
In addition, we tested whether other 5 - HT receptors were upregulated after genetic deletion of 5 - HT3 by measuring 5 - HT responses in isolated geniculate ganglion
neurons of
WT and 5 - HT3AKO mice.
Expression of mutant Htt appeared to alter the firing rate of STN
neurons, as firing rates in HET and HOM mice were lower than their
WT littermate.
A single bolus IV injection of MP - 10 at all doses studied (0.18, 0.52, and 1.5 mg / kg) produced a clear increase in the firing rate of STN
neurons in both
WT and TG rats.
And those same Abs would have to detect intracellular and axonal SN aggregates present in brain slices from synucleinopathic mice, but not to
neurons from
WT mice in vivo.
C.
WT astrocytes release factors that are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of ASD
neurons.
The firing rate of STN
neurons appeared to be more sensitive to the presence of mHtt, with lower firing rates in HET and HOM mice compared to
WT counterparts; however there was no change in mean firing rate difference found for GP
neurons between
WT and HET.
A.
WT astrocytes (green) secrete factors that promote the development of healthy
neurons (green):
neuron has a large central cell body, extends many long thin dendritic processes, and receives numerous syaptic connections (black).
The proportion of
neurons showing triphasic responses were decreased for both SNr (39 % to 22 %) and GP (23 % to 19 %) in Q175 mice compared to
WT mice.
(A) In wild - type (
wt; N2), UNC - 9:: GFP expressed in B motor
neurons (Pacr - 5:: unc - 9:: gfp) visualizes puncta in the ventral nerve cord localized near B cell bodies.
Spontaneous firing rates in Q175Het mice showed a modest increase in both SNr and GP
neurons compared to the
WT but did not reach statistical significance.
Abbreviations: AMPAR, AMPA receptor; AS, Angelman syndrome; BDNF, brain - derived neurotrophic factor; CaMKII, α - calcium / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase II; CGN, cerebellar granule
neuron; co-IP, coimmunoprecipitation; DG, dentate gyrus; ERK, extracellular signal - regulated kinase; fEPSP, field excitatory postsynaptic potential; Gab1, Grb2 - associated binder 1; HFS, high frequency stimulation; IGF, insulin - like growth factor; LTP, long - term potentiation; PSD - 95, postsynaptic density protein - 95; SYN, synaptophysin;
WT, wild type