Toadfish are well known for using a strange set of hoots and grunts to attract mates or scare off predators.
But the noises produced by
the toadfish set it apart: it is the only fish known to produce non-linear calls.
The key to
the toadfish's talkativeness is its unusual swim bladder.
With colleague Andrew Bass, Rice recorded a further 1200 calls from his captive
toadfish, and found that 38 per cent were non-linear.
When Aaron Rice at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, recorded the calls of captive three - spined
toadfish, he noticed that some of the waveforms contained short but complicated patterns.
The three - spined
toadfish looks as hard as a rock.
Rice and his team analysed the hoot - like calls of two closely related
toadfish species with single swim bladders, and found they can not make non-linear sounds.
The silver - cheeked
toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus, pictured) is native to the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
How well would the lone
toadfish do at attracting a mate if he left it up to the female
toadfish to notice his desirability?
The Lusitanian
toadfish is quite noisy for a fish.
Crucially, however, midshipman muscles release approximately eight times less calcium than
toadfish muscles in response to single nerve impulses.
Male Atlantic
toadfish, for example, contract and relax their swimbladder muscles up to 100 - 200 times per second to produce short, repetitive «boatwhistle» calls interspersed with relatively long periods of silence.
The researchers found that, as in the Atlantic
toadfish, midshipman muscles only contract once per nerve impulse.
The Atlantic
toadfish solves this problem, in part, by producing large amounts of a protein called parvalbumin that can mop up excess calcium from the muscle cytoplasm.
Thus, to sustain an hour - long mating call, the midshipman muscle releases, and subsequently pumps, only two times as much calcium as
the toadfish uses to make intermittent calls over the same time period.
These calcium ions can then be slowly pumped back into storage during the silent periods that punctuate
the toadfish's calls.
It is full of a vast variety of exotic fish, such as the rare Whitespotted
Toadfish.
And Turneffe Reef didn't disappoint with its remarkable whitespotted
toadfish.
No matter which site you dive, you'll likely encounter sea turtles, spotted eagle rays, angelfish, snapper, grouper, splendid
toadfish (Cozumel's signature species), along with spectacular coral, sponges and gorgonians.
There was great macro life, making night dives a real highlight:
toadfish, octopus, reef squid, decorator crabs, conches and lobsters.
Turneffe Atoll — the largest and most biologically diverse atoll in the western hemisphere — supports a wide range of diverse aquatic species such as the endemic white spotted
toadfish and the white lined
toadfish.
Thousands of schooling Creole wrasse, many varieties of hamlets and the white - spotted
toadfish can often be found here.
As the reef divides into narrow fingers that run down to the wall edge, the coral ledges provide the perfect home for the white spotted
toadfish, found only in Belize.
This area is used by hundreds of fish species as a nursery, including black grouper, tiger grouper, mutton snapper, splendid
toadfish, and horse eye jacks.
Some of the fish species that you may see at these locations, include eagle rays, parrotfish, angelfish, black grouper, golden tailed eels, green morays, spotted morays, stonefish, squirrel fish, grunts, and the rare splendid
toadfish, among others.
A very helpful and knowledgeable dive professional, John is excellent at spotting tiny marine creatures and is a bit of a White - Spotted
Toadfish whisperer.
With more than 200 mangrove islands, the atoll is a natural nursery for a wide variety of exotic fish, including the rare Whitespotted
Toadfish, which is endemic to Belize.
Turneffe Atoll's reef supports a wide range of diverse aquatic species such as the endemic white spotted
toadfish and the white lined
toadfish.
While underwater at Johnny's wrench we saw a huge array of Gorgonians, Plate Corals, Mackerel, Stingrays, and Whitespotted
Toadfish.
The Front Porch was next seeing Spotted Drums, Octopus,
Toadfish, Squid and Eagle Rays.
During our time exploring Johnny's Wrench we saw Lots of Caribbean Spiny Lobsters, Rays, Groupers, Snappers, Spotted Drums and White Spotted
Toadfish.
Thank to the eyes of the dive guides, critters were the main highlight, to name a few: juvenile Reef Octopus, Decorator Crab,
Toadfish and Tasseled Scorpionfish.
With vibrant, bright yellow fins and a distinctive patterning, the COZUMEL SPLENDID
TOADFISH is a species of
toadfish entirely endemic to the island of Cozumel.
This same dive site also hosted our night dive and it was an opportunity to see, in between others: octopi, nudibranchs, Spider Crab, Pygmy Squid and a few
Toadfish!
It is one of the few places in the region to spot eels and the reef is packed tight with groupers,
toadfish, razorfish, yellowtail snapper, and pelagic species.
One of her favorite Splendid
Toadfish photos from Cozumel was published in Bond's Biology of Fishes, 3rd edition.
If you're familiar with the «prrrp, prrrp, prrrp» sound, you might recognize the call of one of the curious looking
toadfish that are native to Belize.
Toadfish can also be found at Lighthouse Reef, especially the large - eyed and whitelined.
In addition to numerable Caribbean fish species, reef sharks and turtles, Belize's barrier reef is home to the endemic whitespotted
toadfish.
Critter - lovers will enjoy seeing seahorses and lobsters among the staghorn and elkhorn corals, and keep an eye out for the rare white spotted
toadfish.