The two key climate parameters are
ablation season temperature and accumulation season precipitation.
We examined
ablation season temperature for five regional weather stations and for two different month combinations (May - September and June - September) and found the Diablo Dam record for June - September to provide the best correlation.
Measurements are made in late July and early August, recording the ablation during the first three months of
the ablation season, for water resource assessment purposes and redrilling of the stakes when necessary.
Annual
ablation season temperature is rising and accumulated snowpack, April 1 SWE is declining.
The exceptional extension of
the ablation season in 2010 in southern Greenland indicates the vulnerability of these areas to expanded melt regions (Box et al, 2010).
In Glacier National Park, North Cascades, Helm Glacier and Place Glacier frequent loss of the entire snowcover by the end of
the ablation season has become commonplace (WGMS, 2005 The result is in net ablation throughout the accumulation area causing thinning of the glacier in the accumulation zone.
Measurements are made in late July and early August on Columbia Glacier, recording the ablation during the first three months of
the ablation season, for water resource assessment purposes and redrilling of the stakes when necessary.
Residual snow accumulation (final late snow balance: Mayo et al., 1972) at the end of
the ablation season is determined using probing and crevasse stratigraphy on the same date as ablation measurements are completed.
The four primary climatic variables affecting North Cascade glaciers are
ablation season temperature, accumulation season precipitation, summer cloud cover and May and October freezing levels (Tangborn, 1980; Pelto, 1988).
Ablation measurement on nine North Cascade glaciers for twenty - nine discrete two to six week periods during this part of
the ablation season yield mean ablation rates of 0.036 m / day, 0.038 m / day and 0.028 m / day for July, August and September respectively.
This narrow range indicates that late in
the ablation season the density of snowpack on North Cascade glaciers is uniform, and need not be measured to determine mass balance.
Comparison between net annual balance for each glacier, and accumulation season and
ablation season conditions at NOAA Washington State Division 5 weather stations is presented in Table 5.
The early
ablation season, is marked by freezing levels that frequently result in snowfall at Lyman Lake and rainfall at the lower elevation Snotel sites.
This does not demonstrate that the glaciers are more sensitive to
ablation season conditions.
1) Mean
ablation season temperature has been 1.1 oC above the long term mean (1950 - 1980).
Revisiting each site through
the ablation season and measuring the emergence of each stake identifies the ablation rate.
During
the ablation season four climate variables were used 1) May - August mean temperature, 2) May - September mean temperature, 3) June - August mean temperature, 4) June - September mean temperature.
Mass balance measurements are made on the same date each year in August and again in late September close to the end of
the ablation season.
The correlation between annual net balance is higher for
ablation season temperature than for accumulation season precipitation.
Ablation triangles are placed in a sequence from regions that first lose their snow cover to regions where snow cover perists for a significant portion of
the ablation season.
This week, the institute announced that Greenland's
ablation season, the period when its ice sheet loses more mass from melting along its edges than it does from snowfall in its interior, started on June 6.
Not exact matches
Our November 2012 field
season to Alexander Island (
Ablation Point Massif and Fossil Bluff) operated out of Rothera, a research station of the British Antarctic Survey.
Ablation rates in May at the start of the melt
season are widely variable from site to site, but fit within specific mean ranges based on elevation.
Early
season ablation rate varies widely with elevation, but after June 1
ablation rates fall within a narrow range.
Accumulation is widely variable and can only be estimated if baseline data is available,
ablation rates are similar in the summer
season and can be extrapolated from primary to secondary sites without substantial baseline data.
This paper examines whether maximum winter
season snowpack, and snowpack and glacier
ablation, can be determined for secondary locations from standard locations once baseline data exists for the secondary sites.
The correlation from glacier to glacier for the same time periods is 0.86 - 0.99, indicating that
ablation conditions are becoming increasingly consistent on glaciers as the summer melt
season develops.
Ablation is measured by emplacing stakes in the glacier at the end of the previous melt
season or the beginning of the melt
season.
The 40 day melt
season indicates a 2.4 cm / day
ablation rate (0.9 inches / day).
Early in the melt
season (April - June 15),
ablation is dominated by melt at the lower elevation range (> 1500m) in alpine basins (Pelto, 1996; Fountain and Tangborn, 1985).
This also applies to early
season, April - May
ablation.
The accumulation
season precipitation October - April averages 3300 mm and the temperature during the
ablation period averages 8.1 °C.
Accumulation and
ablation both primarily take place during the warm
season and the formation of superimposed ice on this continental - type glacier is important.