Five programs showed favorable effects in some
aspect of child maltreatment reduction: (1) Child FIRST showed a favorable effect on family involvement with child protective services53; (2) Early Start on 2 measures, including the percentage who went to the hospital for accident, injury, or
accidental poisoning, and parents» report
of severe or very severe physical assault25, 26; (3) EHS had a favorable effect on physical punishment at 36 months66; (4) HFA showed 14 favorable impacts on measures
of parenting behaviors, such as corporal punishment, self - reported serious physical abuse, and aggression, 30,50,67 — 69 and 1 measure
of the biological mother as a confirmed
subject of sexual abuse report by the child's seventh birthday50; and (5) NFP had favorable effects on 7 measures, including health care encounters for injuries or ingestions and substantiated abuse or neglect 15 years after program enrollment.34, 35,42,70,71 One program, Healthy Steps, showed no effect on 1 measure in this domain.65