This past fall, hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria wreaked unprecedented devastation on communities across Texas, Florida, and the Caribbean, with the impacts of each heightened by climate change and
the accompanying warming of ocean waters.
«The authors write that «the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation,» whereby «on a timescale
of two to seven years, the eastern equatorial Pacific climate varies between anomalously cold (La Niña) and
warm (El Niño) conditions,» and that «these swings in temperature are
accompanied by changes in the structure
of the subsurface
ocean, variability in the strength
of the equatorial easterly trade winds, shifts in the position
of atmospheric convection, and global teleconnection patterns associated with these changes that lead to variations in rainfall and weather patterns in many parts
of the world,» which end up affecting «ecosystems, agriculture, freshwater supplies, hurricanes and other severe weather events worldwide.»»
The
warm / rainy phase
of a composited average
of fifteen oscillations is
accompanied by a net reduction in radiative input into the
ocean - atmosphere system, with longwave heating anomalies transitioning to longwave cooling during the rainy phase.