T represents the amount of energy available from all sources to maintain the constant flow that keeps the atmosphere off the surface AND
achieves radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere.
The gas constant therefore sets the volume of atmosphere needed to leave the surface temperature at the level required to both support the atmosphere AND
achieve radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere.
Not exact matches
But the overall level of the temperature plot in all planets is anchored by the weighted mean effect of the key absorbing layers, usually in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, where
radiative balance with insolation is
achieved.
We perform simulations of future Earth climate by running our baseline model for various (increasing) values of the solar constant until
radiative balance is
achieved.
As described, the whole temperature profile gives rise to the
radiative transport, which gives rise to the heating at ground level, which gradually raises the whole temperature profile (via convection) until
radiative balance is
achieved.
So how on Earth would
radiative balance with the Sun be
achieved in both situations?
The Earth reacts to positive
radiative forcing by warming up until a new
balance is
achieved at a higher temperature.
And
radiative balance at the surface won't be
achieved by a change in temperature at the surface of 0.0005 K.