Adaku Ufere heads the energy practice at Centurion Law Group, managing teams
across Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Cameroon, South Africa and Mauritius.
The ENSO cycle refers to the coherent and sometimes very strong year - to - year variations in sea - surface temperatures, convective rainfall, surface air pressure, and atmospheric circulation that occur
across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
In a La Nina year, the Walker Circulation increases, leading to a big splotch of cold water
across the equatorial Pacific, cooling the atmosphere.
A weakening in the trade winds
across the equatorial Pacific brings warm ocean temperatures to the eastern Pacific, off the coast of South America.
They include alternating «pulses» of warm and cool waters that travel
across the equatorial Pacific (from west to east) called Kelvin waves.
Sorry I don't have graphs of surface air temperatures or TLT for the tropical Pacific, but to help show this using sea surface temperatures, not anomalies, the following graph captures the sea surface temperature gradients
across the equatorial Pacific one year before the peak of the 1997/98 El Niño, at its peak, and at the peak of the trailing first La Niña season: And as sea surface temperature anomalies:
This sets up feedbacks in wind and currents that propagate cold water upwelling
across the equatorial Pacific.
Meteorologists noted strong El Niño conditions
across equatorial Pacific in February although temperatures began to drop from the highs of 2015 suggesting it was coming to an end.
In trying to work out what is really happening perhaps the last place to look is ENSO 3.4 and the narrow band of waters that are so carefully monitored
across the equatorial Pacific.
Because the vertical sun travels back and forth
across the Equatorial regions — mostly ocean — the air becomes warm and humid, and becomes buoyant.
When you get upwelling in the eastern Pacific that propagates
across the equatorial Pacific — there is less IR loss from the surface and the troposphere cools.
Interactions between externally - forced climate signals from sunspot peaks and the internally - generated Pacific Decadal and North Atlantic Oscillations «When the PDO is in phase with the 11 year sunspot cycle there are positive SLP anomalies in the Gulf of Alaska, nearly no anomalous zonal SLP gradient
across the equatorial Pacific, and a mix of small positive and negative SST anomalies there.
Agnostic, there is speculation that there is a bi-polar see - saw b / n the Arctic and Antarctic, likely related to the AMOC, which in its traverse
across the equatorial region in the Atlantic, carries ocean heat from the Southern Hemisphere to the northern.
While temperatures remained elevated
across the equatorial Pacific during the winter of 2014 - 15, the atmosphere never coupled to the changes in the ocean, failing to bring further westerly wind anomalies, and an El Niño did not occur.
The world awaits the shift of prevailing wind patterns
across the equatorial Pacific to deliver a mean El Nino punch.
A natural coupled mode of climate variability associated with both surface temperature variations tied to El Niño and atmospheric circulation changes
across the equatorial Pacific (see also «Southern Oscillation Index»).
The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array consists of approximately 70 buoys deployed in a grid
across the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean.
«Where Jupiter is glowing evenly
across its equatorial regions, Saturn has dark bands where the water is falling in, darkening the ionosphere,» said Tom Stallard, one of the paper's co-authors at Leicester.
They snake
across the equatorial deserts of Titan, Saturn's largest moon — the only moon in our solar system with a substantial atmosphere.
The current generation of satellites was built by Rockwell International and Lockheed Martin, and each one orbits the planet in about 12 hours, cutting
across the equatorial plane at an angle of roughly 55 degrees.
La Niña, a phenomenon that occurs when sea surface temperatures
across the equatorial central and eastern Pacific are below normal, is what made last year's winter so awful for the Midwest and Northeast.
The drones can't come too soon for scientists who study the El Niño — Southern Oscillation, a set of shifting global temperature and rainfall patterns triggered by warm surface waters that slosh back and forth
across the equatorial Pacific every few years.
Not exact matches
Record warmth was observed
across much of the central and western
equatorial Pacific along with sections scattered
across the eastern Pacific and regions of the western Indian Ocean, particularly notable in the waters east of Madagascar.
Modelling the flow of air within the atmospheres of these planets, Carone and her colleagues found that this unusual day - night divide can have a marked effect on the distribution of ozone
across the atmosphere: at least for these planets, the major air flow may lead from the poles to the equator, systematically trapping the ozone in the
equatorial region.
«The rainforests of Western
Equatorial Africa contain most of the world's gorillas and about one - third of all chimpanzees, and gorillas in particular are being severely and negatively impacted by human activities
across their range,» said Dr. Fiona Maisels, WCS Conservation Biologist and a contributor to the plan.
This shift is caused by an
equatorial jet with dramatically variable wind - speeds — at their fastest, pushing vast amounts of cloud
across the planet.
The tiny, oil - rich West African nation of
Equatorial Guinea will host a new center set to collect information about science and innovation
across the African continent.
When El Niño conditions are present in the
equatorial Pacific like in 2015, tropical cyclone activity
across the North Atlantic basin tends to be suppressed due to increased wind shear, an unfavorable condition for tropical cyclone development.
Most of Earth's land surfaces were warmer than average or much warmer than average, according to the Land & Ocean Temperature Percentiles map above, with record warmth notable
across most of
equatorial and northeastern South America and parts of southeastern Asia.
Strong El Niño conditions were present
across the central and eastern
equatorial Pacific Ocean during November 2015, as evidenced by record warmth
across much of this region.
Record warmth was observed
across most of the Indian Ocean, where a positive Indian Ocean dipole has been in place since early 2014, and
across much of the central and eastern
equatorial Pacific Ocean, where a strong El Niño developed.
Conservation Status: Endangered (IUCN Red List) Life span: 40 to 45 years (wild), more than 60 (captive) Total population: 172,700 to 299,700 (wild), 1,450 (captive) Habitat range in the wild:
Equatorial Africa, from southern Senegal
across the forested belt north of the Congo River to western Uganda and western Tanzania Gestation: 8 months (240 days) Body Height: 816 mm (M & F) Body Weight: 40 to 60 kg (M), 32 to 47 kg (F)
Record high sea surface temperatures
across most of the North Indian Ocean, along with parts of the central
equatorial and southwest Pacific Ocean contributed to the April warmth.
Convection is typically absent
across the eastern half of the
equatorial Pacific.
... The great distances of sediment transport and high degree of mixing of detrital zircon ages are extraordinary, and they may be attributed to a combination of widespread orogenesis associated with the assembly of Gondwana, the
equatorial position of continents, potent chemical weathering, and sediment dispersal
across a nonvegetated landscape.»
The huge
equatorial sun scattered like diamonds
across the breaking water.
It may well be that the West will luck out as rising greenhouse gases induce an
equatorial warming, or an El Niño - like response, and the resulting circulation changes increase precipitation
across the mid-latitudes.
The results for change scaled by global mean warming are rather similar
across the four scenarios, an exception being a relatively large increase over the
equatorial ocean for the commitment case.
The SST anomaly map for the week ending 29 March shows warm anomalies extending
across nearly all of the
equatorial Pacific Ocean...
El Niño Watch... Positive
equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies continue
across the Pacific Ocean.
With an evident relationship
across the CMIP5 models between
equatorial SSTs and upper ocean temperatures in the extra-tropical subduction regions, our analysis suggests that cold SST biases within the extra-tropical Pacific indeed translate into a cold
equatorial bias via the STCs.
In July, sea surface temperatures anomalies were already at 1.0 °C above normal in the central
equatorial Pacific Ocean, and in excess of 2.0 °C above normal
across the eastern Pacific — and still rising.
The same kind of
equatorial winds blow
across the land as well such as in Africa.
This region of upwelling propagates
across the central Pacific driven by winds and Coriolis forces enhancing Walker Circulation — which with Hadley Circulation establishes the dominant trade winds in the north and south sub
equatorial regions.
Spatial patterns of loss and gain showed contrasting latitudinal patterns, with a westward range shift of species around the species - rich
equatorial transition zone in central Africa, and an eastward shift in southern Africa; shifts which appear to be related mainly to the latitudinal aridity gradients
across these ecological transition zones
A second powerful Kelvin Wave is surging
across the Pacific
Equatorial Subsurface zones, strengthing prospects for both a continued El Nino and for a record hot year in 2015.
One is that the Keeling Curve is a manufactured curve with a reconstituted mean and variability, coupled with the fact that MLO is in the plume of major CO2 outgassing from the Eastern
Equatorial Pacific, and the plume likely wanders
across the island with the prevailing wind.
So the
equatorial Pacific in an El Nino year has a big splotch of warm water
across it, which heats the atmosphere more than usual.
Internationally, La Niña impacts during the Northern Hemisphere winter typically include enhanced rainfall
across Indonesia and northern Australia, as well as in the Amazon Basin and in southeastern Africa and below - average rainfall
across the eastern half of the
equatorial Pacific and eastern
equatorial Africa.
The short version is that when the Pacific accumulates a certain amount of
equatorial ocean heat content, the El Nino / La Nina pump swings into operation and pumps that heat first
across the Pacific and from there polewards.