Sentences with phrase «activated by molecules»

Not exact matches

At the next stage, RNA molecules began to synthesize proteins, first by developing RNA adaptor molecules that can bind activated amino acids and then by arranging them according to an RNA template using other RNA molecules such as the RNA core of the ribosome.

The research team led by Schneider; David Go, Rooney Family Associate Professor of Engineering in aerospace and mechanical engineering; and Jason Hicks, associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, discovered that because the nitrogen molecules are activated by the plasma, the requirements on the metal catalysts are less stringent, allowing less expensive materials to be used throughout the process.

A class of small molecules found in grapes, red wine, olive oil, and other foods extends the life of yeast cells by approximately 70 % and activates genes known to extend life span in laboratory animals.

The authors chose to use computational methods to study the influence of intermolecular interactions between different types of molecules — in this case, they simplified the approach by limiting it to methane and activated carbon — on adsorption.

Unlike activated carbon, which sequesters odor molecules by physically trapping them, the copper chemically reacts with the stench, breaking it down into its nonsmelly component parts.

When G - CSF activates its receptor, it ultimately activates proteins called STATs; the team engineered the cells to churn out the light - generating protein luciferase, which would be turned on by the STAT molecules.

Interferons are molecules produced by cells in response to viral or bacterial infection, and which act on neighboring cells to prevent the spread of the infection, shut down protein synthesis, and activate the immune system.

The team found that lithium delays aging by blocking GSK - 3 and activating another molecule called NRF - 2, which is found in worms, flies and mammals (including humans) and is important for defending cells against damage.

Excessive or uncontrolled inflammation can actually make injuries worse and contribute to disease in a couple of different ways — by activating cell death processes, clogging and rupturing blood vessels and producing toxic molecules like free radicals.

The engineered protein has two ends: one activates T cells by binding to a surface molecule called the CD3 receptor, and the other — based on an antibody called VRC07 — powerfully binds to more than 90 percent of HIV strains.

But controversy arose in 1991, when a team led by pharmaceutical researcher Peter Linsley identified another protein molecule, CTLA - 4, which closely resembled CD28 and was found only on activated T cells.

The ER / PR receptors also have no known direct connection to the signaling molecules activated by MC1R.

That process, once activated, also fixes a lot of DNA damage caused by environmental stresses, including dreaded «double - strand breaks,» a clean severing of the DNA molecule.

The GS - DProSw molecule in its inactive form (blue) can be activated by visible light (red) and «switched off» again by UV light.

As a result, the GS - DProSw molecule can be switched between two states with the help of light: The agent can be administered in the inactive state and is activated at the desired location by specific irradiation with light.

This process of activating oxygen molecules by adding electrons is ubiquitous — all living organisms use this trick, and modern fuel cells also work in this way.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), involves the use of chemicals called photosensitizers that are activated by exposure to specific wavelengths of light to release reactive molecules that can damage nearby cells.

This is the most efficient so - called «optogenetic switch» activated by red and far - red light that has been successfully designed and tested in animal cells — and it doesn't require the addition of sensing molecules from outside the cells.

Activated by the electron beam, the energy and dose rate which can be set precisely, chemical transformations of molecules take place.

«By integrating a light - activated molecule into the traditional picture of latent heat, we add a new kind of control knob for properties such as melting, solidification, and supercooling,» says Grossman, who is the Morton and Claire Goulder and Family Professor in Environmental Systems as well as professor of materials science and engineering.

By keeping the light flash brief and the light extra dim, the scientists ensured that just some molecules activate.

Rebecca Rapf, Veronica Vaida and colleagues at the University of Colorado propose that a class of compounds called α - keto acids can be photo - activated by sunlight and drive reactions with molecules that do not themselves absorb sunlight.

Gold / titanium dioxide catalyst in action: At the interface between a gold particle (Au, gold) and the titanium dioxide surface (TiO2, red and light blue), an oxygen molecule (O2, dark blue spheres) is activated by a charge transfer and becomes catalytically active.

But unlike any other receptor in the body, it has more than one region that can be activated by different molecules.

By activating and then bleaching subsets of EB molecules, the researchers could assemble super-resolution images of protein complexes.

We call it by a different name, addiction, but it is activated via a molecule that produces good feelings, and mom produces a lot of good feelings in the young ones, too.

The technique is designed to detect and measure the molecular force in the single - molecule interaction by which human cell receptors are activated.

By taking out these survivor genes, the assassin molecule activates multiple death cell pathways in parallel.

The technique involves injecting antibodies into tissue infected with the bacteria together with molecules called photosensitisers, which are harmless until they are activated by light.

There have been many reports that suggest the presence of a compound that is present inside the pistil, which activates the pollen tube to respond to attractant molecules for fertilization, i.e. like a love potion sent out by the female organ to attract the male organ towards them.

When the team monitored the vaccine's effects on the immune system in each patient, they found that both T cell types had indeed been activated by the vaccine and could recognize the neoantigens bound to HLA molecules.

By blocking inhibitory molecules or, alternatively, activating stimulatory molecules, these treatments are designed to unleash or enhance pre-existing anti-cancer immune responses.

Engineered G protein - coupled receptors (GPCRs) called RASSLs (receptors activated by small synthetic ligands) that are unresponsive to endogenous natural hormones but can still be activated via synthetic small - molecule drugs.

They then analyzed the effectiveness of these complexes in activating hydrogen for transfer to targets molecules identified by computation.

Likewise, many of the same small molecules used by cells to signal to each other as they rout microbes are the ones that whip up unhealthy inflammatory responses, chief among them pro-inflammatory cytokines of the TNF family, which activate T cells and prolong their response.

The team found that lithium delays ageing by blocking GSK - 3 and activating another molecule called NRF - 2, which is found in worms, flies and mammals (including humans) and is important for defending cells against damage.

By blocking these inhibitory molecules or, alternatively, activating stimulatory molecules, checkpoint inhibitors are designed to unleash or enhance pre-existing anti-cancer immune responses.

By blocking inhibitory molecules or, alternatively, activating stimulatory molecules, these treatments are designed to unleash or enhance pre-existing anti-cancer T cell immune responses.

By blocking these inhibitory molecules or, alternatively, activating stimulatory molecules, these treatments are designed to unleash or enhance pre-existing anti-cancer immune responses.

For example, the new cells also were activated by sweet and bitter taste molecules.

By activating and then bleaching subsets of EB molecules, the researchers could assemble superresolution images of protein complexes.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

By genetically inserting light - activated biological molecules such as channelrhodopsins, a family of proteins found in algae, into neurons, scientists can instantaneously turn them on using beams of blue light with millisecond precision.

L - carnitine functions as a carrier molecule that transports activated long - chain fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria where ATP is produced by metabolizing fatty acids.

Oxidized lipids promote arterial plaque formation by activating the immune response, which promotes inflammation and attracts white blood cells to engulf and contain the damaged molecules.

In order for this activation to take place, the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT, also known as S - adenosyl methionine synthetase) breaks apart ATP to harvest from it a molecule of adenosine and then activates methionine by sticking adenosine onto it.

Unlike bound forms, which have been completely inactivated, conjugated steroids, which have combined with simple molecules — glucuronic acid or sulfates in Phase II liver conjugation — can be activated by glucuronidases and sulfatases.

A single molecule in your intestinal wall, activated by the waste products from gut bacteria, plays a large role in controlling whether you are lean or fatty.

The small intestine continuously activates itself by sampling the molecules that pass through the intestinal lining.»

Insulin molecules are highly vulnerable to oxidation — attack by free radicals — and this makes them less effective at activating glycogen stores.