These powerful emotions trigger adrenal hormone release — the physiological effects of which include
activation of adipocyte lipase (resulting in mobilization of free fatty acids) and partial inhibition of protein synthesis, i.e., the plasma amino acids which are normally (readily) utilized by nonmalignant cells for protein synthesis are only partially used resulting in an increase in the availability of amino acids to meet tumor cell metabolic needs.
The endocannabinoid system regulates energy homeostasis through G protein — coupled cannabinoid - 1 receptors5, 6 located in the central nervous system and in various peripheral tissues, including adipose tissue, muscle, the gastrointestinal tract, and the liver.7 While peripheral cannabinoid - 1 receptor
activation decreases adiponectin production in
adipocytes, 8 central cannabinoid - 1 receptor
activation in preclinical studies stimulates eating, decreases muscle, and stimulates hepatic and adipose tissue lipogenic pathways in animal models
of obesity.9 In genetic and diet - induced obesity, rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid - 1 receptor blocker, reduces overactivation
of the central8, 10 and peripheral11, 12 endocannabinoid system8, 10,13 and prevents weight gain and associated metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel strategy for the treatment
of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders.
Twelve - hour exposure
of 3T3 - L1
adipocytes to H (2) O (2) or TNF - alpha resulted in the increase
of c - Jun NH (2)- terminal kinase (JNK)
activation and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) serine 307 phosphorylation, concomitantly with the decrease in insulin - stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and cellular glucose uptake.
Treated
adipocytes with anthocyanins enhanced adipocytokine (adiponectin and leptin) secretion and up - regulated the
adipocyte specific gene expression without
activation of PPARgamma in isolated rat
adipocytes.