Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when the liver can not remove certain toxins and chemicals, such as ammonia, from the blood.1 These toxins and chemicals then build up and enter the brain.1 Hepatic encephalopathy is one
of the major complications
of cirrhosis (scarring
of the liver), and a leading cause
of hospital re-admission due to its recurrence, despite
treatment.1 It can occur suddenly in people with
acute liver failure, but is seen more often in those with chronic liver disease.1 Symptoms
of hepatic encephalopathy include
mild confusion, forgetfulness, poor concentration and personality or mood changes, but can progress to extreme anxiety, seizures, severe confusion, jumbled and slurred speech and slow movement.1 The first step in
treatment is to identify and treat any factors that cause hepatic encephalopathy.2 Once the episode has resolved, further
treatment aims to reduce the production and absorption
of toxins, such as ammonia.1 Generally, there are two types
of medication used to reduce the likelihood
of another hepatic encephalopathy episode — lactulose and rifaximin.2 However, it remains a leading cause
of hospitalisations and re-hospitalisations in cirrhotic patients, despite the use
of the above - mentioned standard
of care
treatment.
Used for
acute inflammatory and allergic conditions such as: snake bites, vaccination reactions, blood transfusion reactions, bee strings and insect bites, and the management
of itchy skin Used in the
treatment of mast cell tumors Useful in the
treatment of motion sickness Causes drowsiness, so may be used as a
mild tranquilizer Readily available and inexpensive What dogs / cats should not take this medication?