Sentences with phrase «adaptation costs of»

«Some low - lying developing countries and small island states are expected to face very high impacts and associated annual damage and adaptation costs of several percentage points of GDP,» the report said.

«Some low - lying developing countries and small island states are expected to face very high impacts that, in some cases, could have associated damage and adaptation costs of several percentage points of GDP,» the report said.

Some low - lying developing countries and small island states are expected to face damage and adaptation costs of several percentage points of GDP.

Developed countries have agreed to bear the adaptation costs of developing countries to human induced climate change and that these funds should represent «new and additional resources» a and the Cancun Agreement and subsequent discussions suggests that for adaptation these funds could amount to tens of billions USD per year.

Not exact matches

In CETA there is also a provision which says that the costs of pollution are borne by the polluter and requires Canada and Europe to prioritize trade in environmental goods and services related to renewable energy and co-operate on climate change adaptation and mitigation.

That is what will justify the extra costs associated with the importation and transportation of the products compared to local adaptations.

The modular design of the RAYCON D + X-ray scanner allows a quick, uncomplicated, and cost - transparent adaptation to the respective application.

Flexible adaptation to applicationsThe modular design of the RAYCON D + X-ray scanner allows a quick, uncomplicated, and cost - transparent adaptation to the respective application.

I'm enthusiastic at the prospect of seeing New York join the 37 states that already provide access for early voters, especially now that the proposed legislation offers a minimal cost adaptation for low population counties like ours.

«Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation result in pressure on yields from important crops in much of the world,» says IFPRI agricultural economist Gerald Nelson, an author of the report, «Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security: Impacts and Costs of Adaptation to 2050».

«In the light of limited funds for adaptation it is an asset to provide comparable cost assessments.

«Our study illustrates that the complexity of climate change, adaptation, and flood damage can be disentangled by surprisingly simple mathematical functions to provide estimates of the average annual costs of sea - level rise over a longer time period.»

The study also indicates that adaptation to a certain stable salinity may come at the cost of a poorer ability to cope with temporal environmental change.

A study of Alaska, for example, found that adaptation of the state's infrastructure — roads, airports, water systems, public buildings and telecommunications — would cost 13 percent less by 2030 than if the state did maintenance on a case - by - case basis.

In addition, although the adaptation of a larger brain may separate humans from their primate relatives, it also came at a cost of increased fuel requirements.

The cost - benefit evaluation and optimization of adaptation actions can produce the best structural adaptation strategies considering both the expected lifecycle loss and total structural adaptation cost.

His main research interests are in the development and application of probabilistic concepts and methods to civil and marine engineering, including: structural reliability; life - cycle cost analysis; probability - based assessment, design, and multi-criteria life - cycle optimization of structures and infrastructure systems; structural health monitoring; life - cycle performance maintenance and management of structures and distributed infrastructure under extreme events (earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and floods); risk - based assessment and decision making; multi-hazard risk mitigation; infrastructure sustainability and resilience to disasters; climate change adaptation; and probabilistic mechanics.

Hallegatte estimates that the necessary adaptations would cost each at - risk city an initial $ 3 billion, plus 2 percent of the initial cost each year for maintenance and operation, putting the total yearly cost for the 136 - city sample in the study at about $ 50 billion — a quarter of NASA's space shuttle program.

However, after thoroughly assessing the costs of adaptation, European ministers and climate and economy experts from Oxford and Cambridge universities have reported that the true cost of adaptation is about $ 500 billion dollars each year.

(8) Under Article 4 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, developed country parties, including the United States, committed to «assist the developing country parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects».

Britt Koskella, Daniela Vergara & Curtis M. Lively — 2011 (3)([email protected]) Keywords: cost of resistance, host — parasite co-evolution, local adaptation, Red Queen hypothesis, specificity of resistance

Urs Landergott, J. Jakob Schneller, Rolf Holderegger & John D. Thompson — 2009 (1)([email protected]) Keywords: cost of restoration, cytoplasmic male sterility, ecological gradient, gynodioecy, local adaptation, nuclear - cytoplasmic interactions, offspring sex ratio

In addition to supporting adaptation efforts through its pipeline of infrastructure projects (which will average $ 1.1 billion per annum over the next three years), the Bank is providing (in countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Djibouti, and Yemen) knowledge and technical expertise for better analyzing likely impacts of climate change, and for designing least - cost adaptation interventions to minimize such impacts.

Here, we conduct a review of literature concerning specific case studies of adaptation in marine systems, and discuss associated characteristics and influencing factors, including drivers, strategy, timeline, costs, and limitations.

There had been many failed attempts to bring the material to the big screen, but somehow Stanton was able to convince the studio heads to let him be the one to make the adaptation at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.

Even his Green Hornet adaptation showed a perseverance to personal interest, at the cost of losing fans of the actual franchise.

Most existing manual gates can be automated, with a little adaptation, to ensure they can take the strain of the automation, and this can often provide a cost effective and speedy solution.

And of course there is the price factor in it as well in support of this argument as perhaps it makes better sense to go for a compact adaptation of an e-reader that costs a few hundred dollars less rather than to buy the Kindle DX with a bigger 9.7 - inch sized screen that will set one back by about $ 500.

A 50 % reduction of the initial dose is possible in the majority of the dogs (after stabilization is achieved)(Simpson et al 1994)(This adaptation of the dose is important, because the cost of pancreatic enzymes is an obstacle to treatment for many owners, who prefer to euthanize their dogs.

Delay in initiating effective mitigation actions increases significantly the long - term social and economic costs of both adaptation and mitigation.

Although on - the - ground adaptations may necessarily focus on the short term scales of economic cost / benefit, it would be best if they were cognizant of the more certain long - term outcomes.

The team also found that those species adapted to live inside the CO2 vent showed slightly higher metabolic rates and were much smaller in size — up to 80 % smaller — indicating that adaptation came at a cost of energy for growth.

But a quick summary of some of my thoughts: I think a case can be made for some combination of equal per - capita payback and tax reduction, but the rationale for this must be that this somehow compensates for the costs of global warming or adaptation to that; as much of this occurs in the future (with different people), this is private sector economic investment to boost the economy now so that it may make itself more robust in the future -LRB-?).

To be risk averse is good policy in my VALUE SYSTEM — and we always must admit that how to take risks — with climate damages or costs of mitigation / adaptation — is not science but world views.

There is an urgent need to scale up financial flows, particularly financial support to developing countries; to create positive incentives for actions; to finance the incremental costs of cleaner and low - carbon technologies; to make more efficient use of funds directed toward climate change; to realize the full potential of appropriate market mechanisms that can provide pricing signals and economic incentives to the private sector; to promote public sector investment; to create enabling environments that promote private investment that is commercially viable; to develop innovative approaches; and to lower costs by creating appropriate incentives for and reducing and eliminating obstacles to technology transfer relevant to both mitigation and adaptation.

We clearly have to take actions on many levels, but you can ruminate on the morality of the following postion: Assuming that hurricane damage in the US is driven by settlement of the Gulf Coast, the US might make a policy choice to emphasize adaptation (the cost of resettlement would be astronomical (> 10 ^ Kyoto).

As for 4) «that adaptation as needed is massively more cost - effective than any attempted mitigation» — what an unimaginative and pessimistic bunch of people these are.

To be risk averse is good policy in my VALUE SYSTEM — and we always must admit that how to take risks — with climate damages or costs of mitigation / adaptation — is not science but world views and risk aversion philosophy.

You seem to have steered clear of the questions in which science intersects with policy (global warming is happening but it's not calamitous; the costs estimated for cutting emissions exceed the overinflated costs of adaptation, etc...).

It would be difficult to argue otherwise; however, since Monckton has not provided a single example of an economic analysis which concludes that the costs of adaptation will be less than the costs of carbon pricing, it is difficult to ascertain exactly what he considers a «serious economic analysis.»

Their concerns were underlined by the publication of a UN Environment Programme report suggesting that adaptation costs for developing countries «could climb as high as $ 150 billion [$ 122 billion] by 2025 - 2030 and $ 250 - 500 billion per year by 2050» — which is double or treble previous estimates.

Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation.

The potential impacts and sectors demanding prioritized adaptation have been identified in this study and the, associated, costs of adaptation have been estimated utilizing three diverse modeling methodologies — using GDP projections, per - capita figures and «flood» disaster modeling.

Assessing the costs of adaptation to Climate Change - A review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates.

The resulting adaptation cost figures range from between U$ 6 billion to U$ 14 billion / year that Pakistan would have to spend at an average in the 2010 - 2050 time frame to cope with the effects of climate change while it will be also left to, unavoidably, bear significant «residual damage» costs induced due to climate change.

While aggressive emissions cutbacks of short - lived warming agents could halve the warming projected to 2050 and determined efforts to promote adaptation and enhance resilience could help reduce impact costs and damages, many regions will suffer greatly over this period.

But globally and chronically, the net effect is negative, especially with respect to the costs of adaptations associated with weather catastrophes, water supplies and rising sea levels.

The marginal tax rate, average tax rate, and total annual bill are shown, under three different assumptions about the total costs of the emergency climate mitigation and adaptation costs (0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 2.0 % of Gross World Product).

Ocean acidification plus higher concentration of CaCO3 in ionized form, which will definitely have an effect on ocean life that will require significant adaptation at a significant biological cost.

Activities supported by the five regional commissions include, among others, the creation of strategies to integrate climate change consideration into development plans, the assessment of the economic impacts of climate change, and the evaluation of the costs of mitigation and adaptation.