We use longitudinal data from Washington State to provide estimates of the extent to which performance on the edTPA, a performance - based, subject - specific assessment of teacher candidates, is predictive of the likelihood of employment in the teacher workforce and value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness.
This research brief considers the stability of value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness over time and the resulting implications for the design and implementation of performance - based teacher compensation schemes.
The Brown Center's talented research analyst Katharine Lindquist helped me calculate value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness for 2,272 4th - and 5th - grade new teachers in North Carolina who entered the classroom between 1999 - 2000 and 2002 - 03, and tracked them for the first five years of their careers.
The use of value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness in policy and practice.
On the third point, Hess explains that value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness are too imprecise and unreliable when just a few years of data are used to judge individual teachers.
He concedes, however, that his own research shows that race, gender, and socioeconomic status have little effect on value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness.
Finally, we ran our analysis including value -
added measures of teacher effectiveness for the subset of teachers we are able to link to individual students.
Not exact matches
One is that we should be thinking about value -
added in a different way, and that there's maybe an innovative way to
measure more broadly the
effectiveness of teachers.
The authors address three criticisms
of value -
added (VA)
measures of teacher effectiveness that Stanford University education professor Linda Darling - Hammond and her colleagues present in a recent article: that VA estimates are inconsistent because they fluctuate over time; that
teachers» value -
added performance is skewed by student assignment, which is non-random; and that value -
added ratings can't disentangle the many influences on student progress.
Last year, some 21 states and the District
of Columbia opted to rank
teacher - preparation programs by
measures of their graduates»
effectiveness in the classroom, such as their value -
added scores.
Though the federal rule was repealed, last year some 21 states and the District
of Columbia opted to rank
teacher - preparation programs by
measures of their graduates»
effectiveness in the classroom, such as their value -
added scores.
Caution Urged in Using «Value
Added» Evaluations Education Week, October 25, 2012 Professor Thomas Kane and Assistant Professor Andrew Ho participated in the federal Institute of Education Sciences meeting of a dozen top researchers on the use of value - added methods to measure teacher effective
Added» Evaluations Education Week, October 25, 2012 Professor Thomas Kane and Assistant Professor Andrew Ho participated in the federal Institute
of Education Sciences meeting
of a dozen top researchers on the use
of value -
added methods to measure teacher effective
added methods to
measure teacher effectiveness.
«The MET findings reinforce the importance
of evaluating
teachers based on a balance
of multiple
measures of teaching
effectiveness, in contrast to the limitations
of focusing on student test scores, value -
added scores or any other single
measure,» Weingarten said.
We designed value -
added models to
measure teacher and school
effectiveness and have produced annual estimates
of educators» contributions to achievement in grades 4 - 8 since the 2008 - 2009 school year.
Recent work has included several studies related to value -
added measures of teacher performance,
teacher effectiveness in the early grades, school choice,
teacher mobility and special needs identification.
These and other findings with respect to the correlates
of teacher effectiveness are obtained from estimations using value -
added models that control for student characteristics as well as school and (where appropriate
teacher) fixed effects in order to
measure teacher effectiveness in reading and math for Florida students in fourth through eighth grades for eight school years, 2001 - 2002 through 2008 - 2009.
After analyzing a truly staggering amount
of data, the researchers conclude that
teacher effectiveness can be
measured by using «value -
added» analysis
of student achievement growth on standardized tests.
He endorsed moving forward with value -
added as one
measure of teacher effectiveness.
The correlation between
teacher effectiveness (as demonstrated by value -
added student growth
measures) and student life outcomes (higher salaries, advanced degrees, neighborhoods
of residence, and retirement savings) is staggering; it's not an exaggeration to say that great
teachers substantially improve students» future quality
of life and those students» contributions to the common good.
In the wake
of high - profile evaluations
of teachers using their students» test scores, such as one conducted by the Los Angeles Times, a study released last month suggests some such methods, called «value
added»
measures, are too imprecise to rate
teachers»
effectiveness.
Chetty, Friedman, and Rockoff (2014a and 2014b) study value -
added (VA)
measures of teacher effectiveness.
One
of the more popular formulas to
measure teacher effectiveness by state tests is called «value -
added measure,» or VAM.
Value -
added measures are being used to assess
teacher effectiveness, but how can we make sense
of the inconsistency in value -
added measures for the same
teacher across time, subject and student population?
Artificial inflation is a term I recently coined to represent what is / was happening in Houston, and elsewhere (e.g., Tennessee), when district leaders (e.g., superintendents) mandate or force principals and other
teacher effectiveness appraisers or evaluators to align their observational ratings
of teachers»
effectiveness with
teachers» value -
added scores, with the latter being (sometimes relentlessly) considered the «objective
measure» around which all other
measures (e.g., subjective observational
measures) should revolve, or align.
Value -
added measures have caught the interest
of policymakers because, unlike many
of the uses
of test scores in current accountability systems, it purports to «level the playing field» so that value -
added measures of teachers»
effectiveness do not depend on characteristics
of the students.
As examples, studies that use student test performance to
measure teachers»
effectiveness — adjusted for prior achievement and background characteristics — demonstrate that, on average,
teachers add more to their students» learning during their second year
of teaching than they do in their first year, and more in their third year than in their second.
Finally, how do value -
added measures compare to other gauges
of teacher effectiveness?
Accordingly, and also per the research, this is not getting much better in that, as per the authors
of this article as well as many other scholars, (1) «the variance in value -
added scores that can be attributed to
teacher performance rarely exceeds 10 percent; (2) in many ways «gross» measurement errors that in many ways come, first, from the tests being used to calculate value -
added; (3) the restricted ranges in
teacher effectiveness scores also given these test scores and their limited stretch, and depth, and instructional insensitivity — this was also at the heart
of a recent post whereas in what demonstrated that «the entire range from the 15th percentile
of effectiveness to the 85th percentile
of [
teacher]
effectiveness [using the EVAAS] cover [ed] approximately 3.5 raw score points [given the tests used to
measure value -
added];» (4) context or student, family, school, and community background effects that simply can not be controlled for, or factored out; (5) especially at the classroom /
teacher level when students are not randomly assigned to classrooms (and
teachers assigned to teach those classrooms)... although this will likely never happen for the sake
of improving the sophistication and rigor
of the value -
added model over students» «best interests.»
In addition, while many have noted that the statistical methods employed to generate value -
added estimates will force a distribution
of «
teacher effectiveness» scores, it is not clear that the distinctions generated and
measured have educational (or clinical) meaning.
Finally, we consider how the current body
of knowledge, and the gaps in that knowledge, can guide decisions about how to use value -
added measures in evaluations
of teacher effectiveness.
I believe every vendor
of value -
added models should report this information for every achievement test being used as a
measure of «
teacher effectiveness.»
Multiple years
of value -
added scores provide better information on
teacher effectiveness than does just one year, but even multiple - year
measures are not precise.
But the error rate
of these «value -
added measures» may be lower than the error rate
of classifications based on traditional
measures of teacher effectiveness such as licensure status or years
of experience.
Putting aside the problems in trying to
measure teacher effectiveness with a test score, the widespread potential for cheating, and the drill - and - kill instruction behind value -
added measurements, Berliner and Glass argue that boosters
of competition are making a number
of damaging faulty assumptions.
Value -
added approaches hold great promise, but there is a need to develop better tests (and other thoughtful
measures of student learning) and better
measures of teacher practice to use along with test scores, so they are not the sole factor used to evaluate
teacher effectiveness.
With the recent Race to the Top mandates, evaluation systems may be more rigorous than ever, though they often judge
teachers by a rigidly and often inaccurate value -
added measure of their
effectiveness in raising test scores (Özek & Xu, 2015; Raudenbush, 2015).
In addition to the fact that the tests are narrow and do not
measure higher - order thinking skills, researchers have found that value -
added models
of teacher effectiveness are highly unstable:
Teachers» ratings differ substantially from class to class and from year to year, as well as from one test to the next.
This paper examines the validity
of measures of teacher effectiveness from the Tennessee Value
Added Assessment System (TVAAS).
Teacher effectiveness is worthy
of increased research, but the proposals for value -
added evaluation
measures Read more about The «Tyranny»
of the Self - Contained Classroom -LSB-...]
How
teacher evaluation methods matter for accountability: A comparative analysis
of teacher effectiveness ratings by principals and
teacher value -
added measures.
The settlement implements an intervention program for targeted schools that includes
teacher effectiveness provisions, a collaborative effort to fill
teacher vacancies as quickly as possible (including those that occur mid-year), retention incentives — including financial bonuses — for
teachers who remain at a targeted school beyond a certain number
of years, plus further incentives if that school experiences growth as
measured by the school's value -
added score.
[4] As the use
of value -
added models now allow for the development
of a more meaningful understanding
of teacher effectiveness, districts should ensure that performance pay systems consider both qualitative and quantitative
measures in order to fairly assess and compensate
teachers for their performance.
The report, entitled «Learning About Teaching: Initial Findings from the
Measures of Effective Teaching Project,» reportedly gives the strongest evidence to date
of the validity
of the value -
added model as a tool to
measure teacher effectiveness.
«The MET findings reinforce the importance
of evaluating
teachers based on a balance
of multiple
measures of teaching
effectiveness, in contrast to the limitations
of focusing on student test scores, value -
added scores, or any other single
measure,» AFT President Randi Weingarten said in a statement.
His studies include the design and estimation
of value -
added growth
measures of school and
teacher effectiveness, and he has estimated value -
added models for schools in over 25 states.
According to highly regarded testing experts, the evidence supporting the validity and reliability
of value -
added modeling results is weak enough that such results should not yet be used as the major
measure of teacher effectiveness (Baker et al., 2010).
Last month, a Gates Foundation study was released and said to be evidence
of the validity
of «value -
added»
measures to evaluate the
effectiveness of teachers by using students» standardized test scores.
Even if we conclude that value -
added measures are not confounded, we will never know the true
effectiveness of a
teacher working in all different classroom situations.
From the results
of the studies mentioned above, we might at first conclude that value -
added on one test is a poor
measure of a
teacher's
effectiveness at teaching the content and skill
measured by other tests.
The research presented above raises two concerns for states: 1) Is the value -
added for
teachers from one test providing an adequate
measure of the
teacher's contributions to learning, and how can the data be used to provide the most accurate
measure of teacher effectiveness?