The seeming contradiction between the lack of persistence of value -
added on achievement test scores and the significant impacts on adult outcomes frames an important puzzle for future research.
Not exact matches
Mostly based
on «value
added,» a statistical measure of the contribution the teachers make to student
achievement on standardized
tests.
These narrow goals will also give for - profit schools a powerful incentive to admit and encourage those students whom they expect to do well
on achievement tests or who are likely to show the greatest value -
added — that is, the greatest improvement in
test scores.
With respect to the research
on test - based accountability, Principal Investigator Jimmy Kim
adds: «While we embrace the overall objective of the federal law — to narrow the
achievement gap among different subgroups of students — NCLB's
test - based accountability policies fail to reward schools for making progress and unfairly punish schools serving large numbers of low - income and minority students.
I would welcome the opportunity to determine who
on my staff would receive differentiated pay, especially if value -
added student
achievement and standardized
test scores are tracked as a part of the measurement.
«These students tend to learn more deeply and they tend to perform better, not only
on traditional
achievement tests but also
on assessments of more complex understanding,»
adds Darling - Hammond.
After analyzing a truly staggering amount of data, the researchers conclude that teacher effectiveness can be measured by using «value -
added» analysis of student
achievement growth
on standardized
tests.
Moreover, there are statistical shocks to
achievement in a given school and subject — such as a dog barking in the parking lot
on the day of the
test — which could also introduce a mechanical relationship between the value -
added estimates from prior years and student's baseline
achievement this year (Kane and Staiger 2002).
Contemporary accountability policies have created the
added expectation that districts will differentiate support to schools
on the basis of
achievement results from state
testing programs and other accountability measures, with particular attention to be given to schools where large numbers of students are not meeting standards of proficiency.
Nevertheless, the re-emphasis
on student
achievement test scores that is reflected in federal legislation, including value -
added teacher evaluation and student - competency laws, have contributed to the return of this practice in some jurisdictions.
Lisa
added that though opinions vary
on how accurately these
tests measure student
achievement, they can be effective tools for identifying areas for instructor improvement.
Phone call # 4: The mother of a highly gifted girl who does algebra in her head «for fun» and consistently scores four years above grade level
on tests of mathematics
achievement called to ask me how she could convince the classroom teacher and the gifted coordinator that her young daughter did not need to keep
adding and subtracting one - and two - digit numbers with the rest of the third grade class.
The most controversial of them include what is known as value -
added models1 that use data from standardized
tests of students as part of the overall measure of the effect that a teacher has
on student
achievement.
If passed, this will take what was the state's teacher evaluation system requirement that 20 % of an educator's evaluation be based
on «locally selected measures of
achievement,» to a system whereas teachers» value -
added as based
on growth
on the state's (Common Core) standardized
test scores will be set at 50 %.
In his speech he said: «Firing teachers and closing schools if student
test scores and graduation rates do not meet a certain bar is not an effective way to raise
achievement across a district or a state... Linking student
achievement to teacher appraisal, as sensible as it might seem
on the surface, is a non-starter... It's a wrong policy [emphasis
added]... [and] Its days are numbered.»
As examples, studies that use student
test performance to measure teachers» effectiveness — adjusted for prior
achievement and background characteristics — demonstrate that,
on average, teachers
add more to their students» learning during their second year of teaching than they do in their first year, and more in their third year than in their second.
A teacher's value -
added can depend
on the
test used to assess his or her students»
achievement.
Recent Vamboozled posts have focused
on one of the qualities of the
achievement tests used as the key measures in value -
added models (VAMs) and other «growth» models.
You write, «I respectfully disagree with your suggestion that the closest thing states have to an objective measure of student
achievement [value -
added growth scores based
on standardized
tests] should not be part of the equation.»
Most states are using the value -
added models to determine how much teachers contribute to their students»
achievement on standardized
tests.
While the Department will likely
add more academic performance measures in the future, for 2014 officials also included the level of participation in state assessments,
achievement gaps between students with disabilities and the general population as well as scores
on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a standardized
test used to gauge academic growth across the country.
«And the growth they've seen
on achievement tests is consistent with some of the highest - performing charter school networks out there, and that's who we're competing against,» he
added.
Most of the grade would rely
on test scores with
added weights for reading
achievement and at - risk student performance.
Value -
added estimates for a teacher can fluctuate for a variety of reasons, many not necessarily related to actual effectiveness at producing student gains
on achievement tests.
In addition, value -
added measures based
on these
tests, which are not designed to measure
achievement that is well above or below grade level, are both unstable and biased for teachers who serve certain groups of students.
These teachers were evaluated
on their «performance» using almost exclusively (except for the 5 % school - level value -
added indicator) the same subjective measures integral to many traditional evaluation systems as well as student
achievement / growth
on teacher - developed and administrator - approved classroom - based
tests, instead.
The research supports one conclusion: value -
added scores for teachers of low - achieving students are underestimated, and value -
added scores of teachers of high - achieving students are overestimated by models that control for only a few scores (or for only one score)
on previous
achievement tests without adjusting for measurement error.
See also the recommendations offered, some with which I agree
on the observational side (e.g., ensuring that teachers receive multiple observations during a school year by multiple evaluators), and none with which I agree
on the value -
added side (e.g., use at least two years of student
achievement data in teacher evaluation ratings — rather, researchers agree that three years of value -
added data are needed, as based
on at least four years of student - level
test data).
These models, which consider student growth
on standardized
tests, fall roughly into four categories: «value -
added models» that do not control for student background; models that do control for student background; models that compare teachers within rather than across schools; and student growth percentile (SGP) models, which measure the
achievement of individual students compared to other students with similar
test score histories.
But all of them share the idea that teachers who are particularly successful will help their students make large learning gains, that these gains can be measured by students» performance
on achievement tests, and that the value -
added score isolates the teacher's contribution to these gains.
Differences in value -
added from high - and low - stakes
tests might be due to some teachers focusing more than others
on superficial aspects of the
tests and practices that improve student
test scores but not student
achievement.
Their ability to measure influence
on a broader definition of student
achievement, however, is limited by the degree to which the
testing data incorporated in the value -
added model correlate with student
achievement beyond the
test score itself.
We
add to this literature by assessing the extent to which a large - scale public program, Texas's targeted pre-Kindergarten (pre-K), affects scores
on math and reading
achievement tests, the likelihood of being retained in grade, and the probability that a student receives special education services.
Many states now require the use of value -
added models in evaluations as a measure of the a teacher's or school leader's impact
on student
achievement, as determined by results
on state standardized
tests.
The Value -
Added metric is the district measure of growth
on the Illinois Standards
Achievement Test (ISAT).
Noting that there are high poverty schools that score higher
on both state
achievement and English acquisition
tests than lower poverty schools, LaFors
added that these general trends need to be put in perspective.
Next, those scoring above the 95th percentile
on mathematics
achievement tests who are not already
on the list are
added.
Add -
ons are also available to cover Public Liability Insurance, Equipment
Test & Tag, Lunch and inclusion in the
Achievement Badges Quest.