The concept of resilience and closely related research regarding protective factors provides one avenue for addressing mental well - being that is suggested to have an impact on
adolescent substance use.8 — 17 Resilience has been variably defined as the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation in the context of risk or adversity.9, 10, 12, 13, 18 Despite this variability, it is generally agreed that a range of individual and environmental protective factors are thought to: contribute to an individual's resilience; be critical for positive youth development and protect
adolescents from engaging in risk behaviours, such as substance use.19 — 22 Individual or internal resilience factors refer to the personal skills and traits of young people (including self - esteem, empathy and self - awareness).23 Environmental or external resilience factors refer to the positive influences within a young person's
social environment (including
connectedness to family, school and community).23 Various studies have separately reported such factors to be negatively associated with
adolescent use of different types of substances, 12, 16, 24 — 36 for example, higher self - esteem16, 29, 32, 35 is associated with lower likelihood of tobacco and alcohol use.
For example, rejection or exclusion from one's
social network means that one's fundamental human need for
connectedness is not met and is linked to increased symptoms of distress in
adolescents [36,73].