Sweet warns that such materials face a problem in the air, as even when a wing's leading edge is coated in oil, ice still forms and is held in place
by aerodynamic forces.
«You often hear space starts at 100 kilometers — that's based on
where aerodynamic forces start having an effect to where you can actually control your [craft] with wings,» Jesse Gossner, an orbital - mechanics engineer who teaches at the US Air Force's Advanced Space Operations School, told Business Insider.
For some classes of racing vehicles, it may also be important to produce desirable
downwards aerodynamic forces to improve traction and thus cornering abilities.
«We wanted to understand how these features
affect aerodynamic force production and noise reduction, and whether they could be applied elsewhere.»
Flap running was over 10 times more energy efficient than flying, the team reports online today in The Journal of Experimental Biology, creating just
enough aerodynamic force to push the birds» bodies upward while also supporting some of their body weight.
To produce the tape, a robot created multiple layers of carbon fiber, precisely controlling the positioning of each microfiber so the parts could support the load and
withstand aerodynamic forces.
In urban stop - and - go driving,
aerodynamic forces play little role, but rolling resistance and especially inertial forces are critical.
And
reducing aerodynamic forces is accomplished by changing the shape of the vehicle, smoothing vehicle surfaces, reducing the vehicle's cross-section, controlling airflow under the vehicle and other measures.
«
The aerodynamic forces are way too strong for the nitrogen thrusters.
The flapping flight of animals generates an aerodynamic footprint as a time - varying vortex wake in which the rate of momentum change represents
the aerodynamic force.
«These students are learning about strength of materials, structural design, electricity, mathematics, Newtonian physics,
aerodynamic force, wind resistances, rolling frictions.
Since there is nothing to fasten the center of the bra to, the designers had to resort to
aerodynamic forces to keep it in place.
The rear airfoil shape produces
an aerodynamic force for more lustrous travels.
Likewise, a rear diffuser and automatic spoiler lend to
aerodynamic force to handling.
As the new Flying Spur approaches its 200 mph (322 km / h) top speed, the ride height is automatically lowered via the air suspension system in order to compensate for
aerodynamic forces.
This means that they have limited control of
the aerodynamic force of their wings, and that their body motions are simply reactions to the flapping motion - in other types of butterflies, their body motions do exert control over their aerodynamics.»
Also, some of the energy used to overcome inertia and accelerate the vehicle — normally lost when the vehicle is slowed, to
aerodynamic forces and rolling resistance as well to the mechanical brakes (as heat)-- may be recaptured as electrical energy if regenerative braking is available (see the discussion of hybrid electric drive trains).
The loads on the vehicle consist of the force needed to accelerate the vehicle, to overcome inertia; vehicle weight when climbing slopes; the rolling resistance of the tyres;
aerodynamic forces; and accessory loads.
In steady highway driving,
aerodynamic forces dominate, because these forces increase with the square of velocity; aerodynamic forces at 90 km / h [10] are four times the forces at 45 km / h.