Sentences with phrase «aerosol cloud effects»

«There is nothing inherently wrong with defining aerosol changes to be a forcing, but it is practically impossible to accurately determine the aerosol forcing because it depends sensitively on the geographical and altitude distribution of aerosols, aerosol absorption, and aerosol cloud effects for each of several aerosol compositions.

First I say it's cr @p but Jimmy wants to waffle on about what I assume is the negative aerosol cloud effect being -0.55 W / m2 plus or minus something huge.

Not exact matches

Scientists can measure how much energy greenhouse gases now add (roughly three watts per square meter), but what eludes precise definition is how much other factors — the response of clouds to warming, the cooling role of aerosols, the heat and gas absorbed by oceans, human transformation of the landscape, even the natural variability of solar strength — diminish or strengthen that effect.

The small aerosols need to grow nearly a million times in mass in order to have an effect on clouds.

Aerosols can also have big effects on clouds, for instance making them brighter so that they reflect more sunlight back into space.

Besides SSCE, scientists have also been investigating stratospheric sulfur injections — firing sun - reflecting aerosols into the air, similar to the cooling effect after a volcanic eruption — and cirrus cloud thinning, where you thin the top level of clouds, which have a warming effect on the planet.

By absorbing heat, aerosols can evaporate nearby cloud droplets — making the cloud less reflective and compounding the heating effect.

Mission leaders were relieved and eager to begin their studies of cloud and haze effects, which «constitute the largest uncertainties in our models of future climate — that's no exaggeration,» says Jens Redemann, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and the principal investigator for ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their IntEractionS (ORACLES).

Still other effects — which primarily promote cooling — occur when the aerosols begin mixing into a cloud.

«Tiny particles have outsize impact on storm clouds, precipitation: Amazon rainforest provides a unique natural lab to study effects of aerosols.»

Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chichn emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur - rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, which revealed that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption.

Using a NASA computer model, Oman tracked the worldwide effects of the sulfate aerosol cloud that formed following the Laki eruption.

In particular, they propose that cloud changes associated with aerosol particles in the atmosphere could be causing the weekend effect, though other pollution processes can not be ruled out at this time.

The theory of dangerous climate change is based not just on carbon dioxide warming but on positive and negative feedback effects from water vapor and phenomena such as clouds and airborne aerosols from coal burning.

This unique orbit path will allow the CATS instrument to observe locations at different times of day and allow scientists to study day - to - night changes in cloud and aerosol effects from space.

The information could also feed into climate models to help understand the effects of clouds and aerosols on Earth's energy balance.

Among the most uncertain elements in climate models are the effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds — just the things involved in albedo modification — she says.

At least over the oceans, the pre-industrial cloud conditions would have been considerably different from those of today; this implies that the aerosols we have been adding to the atmosphere may have had a significant effect on global patterns of cloud formation and rain.

Some also argued that the effects of aerosols and pollutants, which block sunlight and facilitate cloud formation, would enhance this cooling trend.

When analyzed together with the aerosol loading over the same area at the same time, the outcome, says Koren, was a «textbook demonstration of the invigoration effect» of added aerosols on clouds.

He explained that the intermediates turn certain greenhouse gases into aerosols, which help form clouds that have a net cooling effect on the planet.

This mission is fulfilled by operating atmospheric observatories around the world that collect massive amounts of atmospheric measurements to provide data products that help scientists study the effects and interactions of clouds and aerosols and their impact on the earth's energy balance.

What's next: The team is working to gather additional field data and perform further simulations to accurately address aerosol effects on clouds.

Aerosols tend to have a cooling effect by scattering sunlight and by encouraging clouds to form, preventing the sun's energy reaching Earth's surface.

The multi-scale aerosol - climate model, an extension of a multi-scale modeling framework, examined specific aerosol - cloud interactions and their effects on the Earth's energy budget, one of the toughest climate forecasting problems.

Sally, who was nominated by Dr. Beat Schmid, Associate Director, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, was honored for her exceptional contribution in the field of atmospheric science, particularly in her efforts to improve understanding of the radiative effect of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's atmosphere and their representation in climate models.

An adjustment is necessary because as climate models are continually evaluated against observations evidence has become emerged that the strength of their aerosol - cloud interactions are too strong (i.e. the models» «aerosol indirect effect» is larger than inferred from observations).

The net effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping produces large amounts of cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm

Microphysical effects determine macrophysical response for aerosol impacts on deep convective clouds, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Early Edition online the week of November 11 - 15, 2013, DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1316830110.

He has pioneered the use of SP - CAM to study aerosol - cloud interaction and used it together with satellite observations to constrain aerosol indirect effects.

As an indirect effect, aerosols can interact with and modify cloud properties.

CLOUD is designed to understand how new aerosol particles form and grow in the atmosphere, and their effect on clouds and climate.

In addition, researchers calculated the changes in the shortwave and longwave and net radiation between the pre-industrial simulation and the present - day simulations to estimate the radiative forcing resulting from the aerosol effects on cirrus clouds.

Possible reasons include increased oceanic circulation leading to increased subduction of heat into the ocean, higher than normal levels of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanoes during the past decade, incorrect ozone levels used as input to the models, lower than expected solar output during the last few years, or poorly modeled cloud feedback effects.

It is rather surprising that adding cloud lifetime effect forcing makes any difference, insofar as Aldrin is estimating indirect and direct aerosol forcings as part of his Bayesian procedure.

The main research themes include greenhouse gas concentrations and ecosystem — atmosphere fluxes, the climate effects of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol — cloud interactions and air quality.

The total of -0.7 W / m ^ 2 is the same as the best observational (satellite) total aerosol adjusted forcing estimate given in the leaked Second Order Draft of AR5 WG1, which includes cloud lifetime (2nd indirect) and other effects.

When Aldrin adds a fixed cloud lifetime effect of -0.25 W / m ^ 2 forcing on top of his variable parameter direct and (1st) indirect aerosol forcing, the mode of the sensitivity PDF increases from 1.6 to 1.8.

The indirect aerosol effect on clouds is non-linear [1], [76] such that it has been suggested that even the modest aerosol amounts added by pre-industrial humans to an otherwise pristine atmosphere may have caused a significant climate forcing [59].

However, this climate sensitivity includes only the effects of fast feedbacks of the climate system, such as water vapor, clouds, aerosols, and sea ice.

Earth's measured energy imbalance has been used to infer the climate forcing by aerosols, with two independent analyses yielding a forcing in the past decade of about − 1.5 W / m2 [64], [72], including the direct aerosol forcing and indirect effects via induced cloud changes.

Plans and missions designed to study the effects of clouds and aerosols have been delayed or cancelled, Charlson and his colleagues write.

In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossible.

But, as far as I can see, the «attacks» by vested interests are not even able to make legitimate points (e.g. uncertainty about the effects of clouds or aerosols in climate models).

However, I am not optimistic — the specifics of the small scale physics (aerosol indirect effects on clouds, sea ice formation, soil hydrology etc.) are so heterogeneous that I don't see how you can do without calculating the details.

Additionally there is a huge amount of uncertainty in aerosol - cloud effects (the «aerosol indirect effect»).

What it shows is the effect of the structural uncertainty in individual GCMs (meaning that some of them are systematically high, others systematically low, due to flaws in the representation of the physics; most probably related to discretization / parametrization effects for clouds and / or aerosols).

Should this prove to be significant, climate models will likely incorporate this directly (using embedded aerosol codes), or will parameterise the effects based on calculated cloud variations from more detailed models.

c) anthropogenic aerosols — mainly sulfate and nitrate (from emissions of SO2 and NOx / NH3) have a strong direct effect and undoubted liquid cloud nucleation impacts (the indirect effects).

Re: Step # 2 and the effect of aerosols on low cloud.