Sentences with phrase «aerosol models of»

Similar to these projects, IDRI's subunit tuberculosis vaccine, ID93, also utilizes adjuvants that induce a cell - mediated immune response, which is required for protection against M. tuberculosis infection in low dose aerosol models of TB.

Not exact matches

For the study, Dr. Toohey and his colleagues from GEOMAR and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg have used an aerosol - climate model to track 70 different eruption scenarios while analyzing the distribution of the sulfur particles.

More models now include the major types of aerosols and the interactions between aerosols and clouds.

This critical question is addressed using simulations from climate models based on projections of future emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols.

Mission leaders were relieved and eager to begin their studies of cloud and haze effects, which «constitute the largest uncertainties in our models of future climate — that's no exaggeration,» says Jens Redemann, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and the principal investigator for ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their IntEractionS (ORACLES).

And by carefully measuring and modeling the resulting changes in atmospheric composition, scientists could improve their estimate of how sensitive Earth's climate is to CO2, said lead author Joyce Penner, a professor of atmospheric science at the University of Michigan whose work focuses on improving global climate models and their ability to model the interplay between clouds and aerosol particles.

Now, the NSF is helping researchers develop new chemical models that will provide better estimates on the global contribution of these aerosols.

By using smaller grids — with spacing of just a few kilometers rather than several tens of kilometers as in conventional current models — they were able to show that they could more realistically model the amount of black carbon aerosols, mitigating the underestimation in more coarse - grained models.

Unfortunately, current simulation models, which combine global climate models with aerosol transport models, consistently underestimate the amount of these aerosols in the Arctic compared to actual measurements during the spring and winter seasons, making it difficult to accurately assess the impact of these substances on the climate.

Conklin also said that chronic exposures to smokeless tobacco extracts, mainstream cigarette smoke, acrolein, or e-cigarette aerosol enhanced atherosclerotic lesion formation in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.

Erickson and his colleagues used a computer model of Earth's climate to simulate the effect of adding sulphate aerosol to the atmosphere above the industrialised regions of the globe (Geophysical Research Letters, vol 22, p 2017).

«It is also known,» continues Sato, «that current models do not realistically model the vertical distribution of the aerosols, and we believe that finer measurements could help there as well.

Using a NASA computer model, Oman tracked the worldwide effects of the sulfate aerosol cloud that formed following the Laki eruption.

«One reason that we haven't appreciated the role of aerosols in the climate system is that many — most — models don't include aerosol - cloud interactions,» including only a handful of those used in IPCC's fifth assessment report, released in 2014.

Such model included meteorological factors like levels of aerosols, anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, and other items that influence global temperature — the surface albedo among them.

Knowing the speed and height at which aerosols are being thrown into the air can be used for more accurate climate modeling or creating a perfect glass of champagne.

A few of the main points of the third assessment report issued in 2001 include: An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system; emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate; confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased; and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

The researchers used water and water mixed with glycerin to create a model for predicting the velocity and height of the droplets, or jet aerosols, cast upward as bubbles on a liquid's surface burst.

The researchers created a model for predicting the velocity and height of jet aerosols produced by bubbles from 20 microns to several millimeters in size, and in liquids as viscous as water, or up to ten times more viscous.

In the new work, Surabi Menon of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and colleagues used aerosol data collected from 46 ground stations in China to assess four different climate modeling scenarios.

The information could also feed into climate models to help understand the effects of clouds and aerosols on Earth's energy balance.

These particles pose health risks to populations, especially to the medically vulnerable, By infusing CATS data directly into aerosol models, data from CATS can make a difference in tracking and responding to impacts of similar events in the future.

However, he says, «Aerosol effects on climate are one of the main uncertainties in climate models.

Among the most uncertain elements in climate models are the effects of aerosols and their interactions with clouds — just the things involved in albedo modification — she says.

Now that the researchers have the structure of alpha - pinene, they are better able to model the first steps of nature's aerosol formation in the atmosphere.

In the new work, published in Geophysical Research Letters late last month, researchers modified an established climate model to gauge the effects of varying aerosol amount and size.

Instead of simulating the behavior of aerosols, researchers have turned down the intensity of the sun manually in their models.

The latter type of sensors, Robock notes, could directly measure the size distribution of aerosols, which could help researchers better model their effects on climate.

A study published April 7 in PNAS Online Early Edition describes how a team of scientists, including researchers from the University of California, Davis, showed that vapor losses to the walls of laboratory chambers can suppress the formation of secondary organic aerosol, which in turn has contributed to the underprediction of SOA in climate and air quality models.

Earlier models had assumed that only 1 to 2 per cent of the iron contained in aerosols, including shipping emissions, is soluble in seawater, so the remaining 98 to 99 percent would sink to the bottom without affecting ocean life.

Using climate models and data collected about aerosols and meteorology over the past 30 years, the researchers found that air pollution over Asia — much of it coming from China — is impacting global air circulations.

Past calculations of the cooling effect of aerosols have been inferred from «missing» global warming predicted by climate models.

Scientists use data from the SGP to learn about cloud, aerosol, and atmospheric processes, which in turn leads to improvements in models of the Earth's climate.

Scientists are involved in the evaluation of global - scale climate models, regional studies of the coupled atmosphere / ocean / ice systems, regional severe weather detection and prediction, measuring the local and global impact of the aerosols and pollutants, detecting lightning from space and the general development of remotely - sensed data bases.

The data has been massaged to make them fit the models, but then the new figure are completely incompatible with the effects of aerosols which it is purported are causing global dimming.

Indeed the estimate of aerosol forcing used in the calculation of transient climate response (TCR) in the paper does not come directly from climate models, but instead incorporates an adjustment to those models so that the forcing better matches the assessed estimates from the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

FMI has been involved in research project, which evaluated the simulations of long - range transport of BB aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model biases.

Aerosol delivery of curcumin reduced abeta deposition and improved cognitive performance in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Shiraiwa, M., Pfrang, C., Koop, T., and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic multilayer model of gas - particle interactions in aerosols and clouds (KM - GAP): linking condensation, evaporation and chemical reactions of organics, oxidants and water, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 2777 - 2794, 2012.

Model - simulated BB aerosol plumes quickly descend to lower levels just off the western coast of the continent, while CALIOP data suggest that smoke plumes continue their horizontal transport at elevated levels above the marine boundary layer.

If the middle troposphere is warming it is either as predicted by the models or because of aerosols not both.

Quantifying the value of E accurately is difficult, and the variation across the models is substantial, primarily reflecting our incomplete knowledge of aerosol forcing.

PNNL researchers play a key role in reducing uncertainty through improved process understanding and modeling of climate processes such as clouds and aerosols.

I used was the surface temperature responses from histAll --(histGHG + histNatural) to obtain the response to aerosols + ozone + land - use and derive the enhancement of the response for that case relative to WMGHGs that I called E. Calculation of TCR based on histAll in a model is approximately the same as calculating the sum of responses to histGHG, histNat, and histInhomogeneous where the latter includes the factor E.

One of those adjustments is to add +0.3 W / m ² to the figures used for model aerosol forcing to bring the estimated model aerosol forcing into line with the AR5 best estimate of -0.9 W / m ².»

Themes: Aerosols, Arctic and Antarctic climate, Atmospheric Science, Climate modelling, Climate sensitivity, Extreme events, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, Mitigation of Climate Change, Present - day observations, Oceans, Paleo - climate, Responses to common contrarian arguments, The Practice of Science, Solar forcing, Projections of future climate, Climate in the media, Meeting Reports, Miscellaneous.

This is one of the best examples of why aerosol mixing state is so important for modeling the effect of aerosols on climate.

My main problem with that study is that the weather models don't use any forcings at all — no changes in ozone, CO2, volcanos, aerosols, solar etc. — and so while some of the effects of the forcings might be captured (since the weather models assimilate satellite data etc.), there is no reason to think that they get all of the signal — particularly for near surface effects (tropospheric ozone for instance).

After all, the (secundary) influence of aerosols (on clouds) is included in models too, and its sensitivity is far from certain...

The Canadian model suppresses the influence of aerosols in the regional distribution far more, as the direct forcing of GHGs increases to 3.3 and 5.8 W / m2 for resp.