Sentences with phrase «aerosols over»

The mere observation of a reduction in SW reflective cloudiness & aerosols over a several decades does not answer this question.

However, this offsetting effect is unlikely to remain in the future as improved pollution controls are expected to significantly reduce the cooling effect of aerosols over the course of coming decades: Meinshausen et al (2006).

Although we focus on a hypothesized CR - cloud connection, we note that it is difficult to separate changes in the CR flux from accompanying variations in solar irradiance and the solar wind, for which numerous causal links to climate have also been proposed, including: the influence of UV spectral irradiance on stratospheric heating and dynamic stratosphere - troposphere links (Haigh 1996); UV irradiance and radiative damage to phytoplankton influencing the release of volatile precursor compounds which form sulphate aerosols over ocean environments (Kniveton et al. 2003); an amplification of total solar irradiance (TSI) variations by the addition of energy in cloud - free regions enhancing tropospheric circulation features (Meehl et al. 2008; Roy & Haigh 2010); numerous solar - related influences (including solar wind inputs) to the properties of the global electric circuit (GEC) and associated microphysical cloud changes (Tinsley 2008).

You say» Needless to say, one would expect a strong cooling effect of the aerosols over that station.

A resent paper by Lovejoy 2014 (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-014-2128-2) shows the forcing from CO2 and the corresponding aerosols over the last 100 years shown in this graph http://oi62.tinypic.com/ixv2m8.

The anthropogenic forcing on the climate is multifaceted, with both warming and cooling sides — cooling from aerosols over shorter time frames but warming from GH's over much longer time frames.

A resent paper by Lovejoy 2014 (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-014-2128-2) shows the forcing from CO2 and the corresponding aerosols over the last 100 years http://oi62.tinypic.com/ixv2m8.

Specifically, the clouds of aerosols over India enhance atmospheric warming there by 50 percent.

Pan, X., M. Chin, R. Gautam, H. Bian, D. Kim, P.R. Colarco, T.L. Diehl, T. Takemura, L. Pozzoli, K. Tsigaridis, S. Bauer, and N. Bellouin, 2015: A multi-model evaluation of aerosols over South Asia: Common problems and possible causes.

I agree with your overall assessment of aerosols over the last 200 years, and it was illuminating to me as I hadn't considered it that way.

There is simply no way to know what the type and quantity of aerosols over Peru in 1912 was, and bounding that error rate is more guess than science.

Rainfall in the Solomon Islands during the 1920s, aerosols over Tanzania in the 1950s, speed of the Tasman Glacier in 1931.

In September 2016 the team, while at an International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project meeting in Colorado, reported that the sensors onboard the balloons not only confirmed the existence of tropopause aerosols over India, but yielded fresh data into their composition.

In the past, numerous studies have identified black carbon aerosols emitted from combustion of fossil fuels and residential biofuels as the dominant light - absorbing aerosol over South Asia.

«The results suggest that about 10 percent of the reacting VOC mass is converted tosecondary organic aerosol over the tree tops.

The new study by Herman et al. on change in the Lambert Equivalent Reflectivity (LER) of the Earth's cloud plus aerosol over the period 1979 - 2011 shows

A modeling study of the direct effect of aerosol over the Tropical Indian Ocean.

Creamean J. M., M. Maahn, G. de Boer, A. McComiskey, A. J. Sedlacek and Y. Feng (January 2018): The influence of local oil exploration and regional wildfires on summer 2015 aerosol over the North Slope of Alaska.

Not exact matches

«We've shown that under clean and humid conditions, like those that exist over the ocean and some land in the tropics, tiny aerosols have a big impact on weather and climate and can intensify storms a great deal,» said Fan, an expert on the effects of pollution on storms and weather.

Where the atmosphere has few aerosol particles — over the ocean, for instance — water molecules have fewer particles to condense around, so cloud droplets are large.

The difference in lightning activity can't be explained by changes in the weather, according to the study's authors, who conclude that aerosol particles emitted in ship exhaust are changing how storm clouds form over the ocean.

The produced aerosol is directed over the heated substrate using a stream of nitrogen gas resulting into a polycrystalline thin film grown on the chalcopyrite substrate over time with embedded nanoparticles of platinum.

The researchers say that either the increase in snow cover over Eurasia or the escalation in greenhouse gas concentration, volcanic aerosols and solar output are to blame.

Over land, the small size of these aerosol particles tends to suppress rainfall because the water droplets that condense on them are light enough to remain aloft.

These small mineral aerosols can be transported over long distances on Earth and have an influence on the climate and weather.

Current technology can tell where aerosols are over the Earth but not their altitude above the surface.

If the aerosols are dispersed primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, the greater cooling in this hemisphere can also diminish the summertime heating that drives the northward migration of monsoon winds over Africa up to the Ethiopian highlands where the Blue Nile is supplied with its summer floodwaters.

A few of the main points of the third assessment report issued in 2001 include: An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system; emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate; confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased; and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Similar scandals erupted over the effects of scores of industrial applications, ranging from sulfur dioxide and acid rain, to certain aerosols and the hole in the ozone layer, to leaded gas and cognitive impairment, to the granddaddy of them all, fossil fuels and global climate change.

Near - global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about — 0.1 W / m2, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred.

During this event, the aerosols stayed close to the surface due to the presence of a anticyclone hovering over the study region at sea - level, «reducing the amount of shortwave irradiance reaching the surface and causing greater radiative cooling,» states Obregón, who likens the effects of desert dust with those resulting from certain forest fires or episodes of high pollution.

At least over the oceans, the pre-industrial cloud conditions would have been considerably different from those of today; this implies that the aerosols we have been adding to the atmosphere may have had a significant effect on global patterns of cloud formation and rain.

INDOEX planes that flew through the cloud and south over the equator were thus able to sample both the aerosols and a cleaner sky to serve as a reference.

And since the researchers are still analyzing data collected over the past few years, a clearer picture of aerosol behavior might yet still emerge from the haze.

When analyzed together with the aerosol loading over the same area at the same time, the outcome, says Koren, was a «textbook demonstration of the invigoration effect» of added aerosols on clouds.

In the August 2016 campaign, conducted over the holy and notoriously polluted city of Veranasi, the team included a sampler in the payload that trapped tropopause aerosols on filters.

Sieving through the data from CALIPSO — a satellite jointly launched by France and the U.S. — they found a thick layer of aerosols between 13 and 18 kilometers above sea level over a large area stretching across the eastern Mediterranean Sea, northern India and western China.

Special tests reported in September confirm the aerosols continue to collect over India, and the work reveals fresh insights into their composition.

The effect was easier to see over water than land because, in general, the atmosphere above the oceans is relatively low in aerosols — tiny liquid or solid particles that float in the air.

The results may help to explain discrepancies between observations and theories about how volatile organic compounds produced by vegetation are converted into atmospheric aerosol — especially over forested regions.

His study «Analysis of Aerosols From World Trade Center Attack» indicated that the contaminated air sometimes descended to ground level over a mile from Ground Zero, far outside the safety zones established by the EPA.

Since Thornton's and his colleagues» study was published, Ilan Koren and Orit Altaratz at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and colleagues have found, using the WWLLN, that more intense lightning is connected with aerosol sources over land.

Using aircraft to measure air pollution over the Alberta tar sands region, the researchers found that tar sands production emitted between 55 and 101 metric tonnes of secondary organic aerosols per day.

Scientists have already linked aerosol emissions to increases in lightning over areas of the Amazon prone to forest fires (pdf) as well as regions of China with thick air pollution.

Rosenfeld and his colleagues are now working on a project to do exactly that by studying aerosol concentrations over Houston, where the team also has access to a dedicated lightning - mapping array.

The amount of warming caused by CO2 might have been masked over the years by accompanying aerosol emissions.

Using climate models and data collected about aerosols and meteorology over the past 30 years, the researchers found that air pollution over Asia — much of it coming from China — is impacting global air circulations.

Similarly (and perhaps relatedly), the magnitude of the change in aerosol forcing from ~ 1975 to present relative to the change in all forcings is much smaller than from pre-ind through present, which I think should make the TCR estimated over that period insensitive to the value of E.

FMI has been involved in research project, which evaluated the simulations of long - range transport of BB aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model biases.

In this case, aerosol forcing over 1750 - 2000 is used.