Sentences with phrase «aerosols produced»
For example, the root system of forest trees facilitates both storage and extraction of moisture from soil; biogenic aerosols produced by trees control the intensity of water vapor condensation over the forest; the large height of trees determines the vertical temperature gradient under the canopy, keeping soil evaporation under biotic control; tall trees are also essential for surface friction that does not allow extremely high wind velocities to develop.
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«Residual analysis does not provide any evidence for a substantial cooling effect due to sulfate aerosols from 1940 to 1970... sulfate aerosols produced by volcanoes or industrial emissions no doubt have a cooling effect»
«Estimates of the Climatic Impact of Aerosols Produced by Space Shuttles, SST's, and Other High Flying Aircraft.»
And for those of you who want to insist that aerosols produced by the uncontrolled burning of coal neutralized the effects of AGW from 1940 to 1979, please explain how the same argument could not be made for the effects of coal - induced aerosols during this earlier period, when no constraints on the polluting effects of coal combustion were present at all.
the plateau is commonly, and credibly, attributed to industrial aerosols produced by Northern hemisphere industrialized countries.
On the one hand it repeats the oft argued claim that the cooling after 1940 was largely due to sulfate aerosols produced by «industrial activities,» but on the other hand, she is honest enough to admit that «the situation is complicated» by factors rarely addressed by cli - change advocates:
Such factors include increased greenhouse gas concentrations associated with fossil fuel burning, sulphate aerosols produced as an industrial by - product, human - induced changes in land surface properties among other things.
Let me try to be more explicit: if you want to assume (or, if you prefer, conclude) that aerosols produced by the increased burning of fossil fuels after WWII had a cooling effect that essentially cancelled out the warming that would be expected as a result of the release of CO2 produced by that burning, then it's only logical to conclude that there exists a certain ratio between the warming and cooling effects produced by that same burning.
Although the use of e-cigarettes (called vaping) is believed by many experts to be less toxic than cigarette smoking — and could even help some people quit smoking — recent research at Penn State College of Medicine and other institutions indicates that inhaled aerosols produced by vaporizing e-liquids are not harmless.
«I had done some work modeling aerosols produced by volcanic eruptions for other projects, so I started looking into how we might detect an eruption and what it would tell us.»
The researchers created a model for predicting the velocity and height of jet aerosols produced by bubbles from 20 microns to several millimeters in size, and in liquids as viscous as water, or up to ten times more viscous.
«This paper is indeed universal, and the conclusions can apply to the sea spray produced in oceans or the aerosols produced above a glass of sparkling wine.»
V @ 221 — I am fairly sure you could find a website that would welcome detailed discussions on the finer points of grammatical style if you looked — if there are lots of aerosol producing eruptions there are lots of aerosols.
It is virtually certain that anthropogenic aerosols produce a net negative radiative forcing (cooling influence) with a greater magnitude in the NH than in the SH.
This result is consistent with the MODIS and MISR AOT records as well as with the recent gradual reversal from brightening to dimming revealed by surface flux measurements in many aerosol producing regions.
Not exact matches
Then, in 1949, Robert Abplanalp, a 27 - year - old machine - shop operator from the Bronx, gladdened the hearts of whipped - cream lovers everywhere by inventing a cheap, reliable aerosol - can valve that could be mass - produced.
Ball Corporation has won a 2017 Aerosol Dispensing Forum (ADF) Innovation Award for its L'Oreal Men Expert antiperspirant can, produced using Ball's ReAl technology.
Tubex has launched its first aluminium aerosol can produced neither with lacquer nor ink, the Purity can.
French haute couture fashion designer Jean Paul Gaultier and CROWN Aerosols & Specialty Packaging Europe, a business unit of Crown Holdings Inc., have collaborated to produce creative new package designs for the brand's «Le Male» and «Classique» fragrances.
They also play a role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols — air pollutants produced when sunlight, organic molecules and airborne chemicals come together and interact.
Experiments Prather and her team conducted in California's Sierra Nevada produced the first conclusive evidence that dust aerosols can change the amount of precipitation produced by clouds.
Sulphate pollution from power stations and factory chimneys produces aerosol particles in the atmosphere which encourage clouds to form.
When Rajan Chakrabarty, Ph.D., an assistant research professor at the Desert Research Institute, began looking into the regional inventories of human - produced sources of carbon aerosol pollution in South Asia, considered to be a climate change hot spot, he knew something was missing.
The produced aerosol is directed over the heated substrate using a stream of nitrogen gas resulting into a polycrystalline thin film grown on the chalcopyrite substrate over time with embedded nanoparticles of platinum.
Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chichn emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur - rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, which revealed that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption.
Ultimately, scientists hope to learn how aerosols affect clouds, how much aerosols are produced by humans and nature and how they travel in the atmosphere.
Bubbles smaller than 10 microns or more than four millimeters produce no jet aerosols after they burst.
Droplets from bursting bubbles are the principle means by which aerosols are produced above the open ocean, said first author Luc Deike, a Princeton University assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering and the Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI).
The researchers found that viscosity is everything — at a certain point, a liquid, such as honey, becomes so thick that aerosols are no longer produced.
If the aerosols had been keeping a lid on warming, cleaning up smog could have produced a dangerous surge in warming.
Previous research focused on ways to limit the ozone - damaging reactions produced by nonreactive aerosols.
Current research methods such as ice - core drilling can produce high - quality records of aerosols and soot going back centuries and even millennia, he says, and «these written accounts provide a good complement» to the data.
Jack added: «Dust is one of the most important aerosols for both the climate and the biology of an environment, and so understanding the amount of dust produced, and the distance and direction it travels is vital to allow us to understand its effect better.»
Whether these reactions produce condensing vapours that can condense onto the smallest particles or even molecules can have strong impacts on aerosol formation.
The recently published research results provide further evidence that forests can affect the climate by producing low - volatility vapours that are able to condense and grow aerosol particles.
While a large amount of aerosols that exist in the Earth's atmosphere are naturally occurring — created by processes such as mechanical suspension by wind or sea spray — much is produced as a result of industrialization.
The study, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, showed that the production of tar sands and other heavy oil — thick, highly viscous crude oil that is difficult to produce — are a major source of aerosols, a component of fine particle air pollution, which can affect regional weather patterns and increase the risk of lung and heart disease.
The results may help to explain discrepancies between observations and theories about how volatile organic compounds produced by vegetation are converted into atmospheric aerosol — especially over forested regions.
The results show for the first time for a number of natural compounds, which together account for around 70 per cent of the biological hydrocarbon emissions, how much each compound produces low - volatility products and how they can possibly affect the climate via producing aerosol particles.
If aerosol quantities are known, they can of course be compared with how much lightning is later produced by the cloud in question.
Aerosols are also produced when molecules in the gaseous state enter the atmosphere and react with other chemicals, he adds.
The results, said co-author and PNNL laboratory fellow Ruby Leung, «strongly suggest that increasing aerosol concentrations (particles, mainly soot and sulfur, that pollute the air) in the past has produced a fog - like haze that has reduced solar radiation (surface heat from sunshine), despite more frequent clear days that should lead to increased solar radiation.»
Now if this was the 1980s they might have had a point, but the fact that aerosols are an important climate forcing, have a net cooling effect on climate and, in part, arise from the same industrial activities that produce greenhouse gases, has been part of mainstream science for 30 years.
The net effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping produces large amounts of cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm
Previous published data with aerosol cisplatin indicated that the Maxineb ® (6 liters / minute and 35 psi) with a large residual cup (≤ 10mls) produced 1.266 μm.14 (Figure 2).
The problem is that the regions where aerosols are produced show warming not cooling in recent times, and the 1940 - 1975 cooling trend is seen in many parts of the globe where aerosols were not a factor.
The new model has a stronger physical basis and produces clouds and cloud - aerosol interactions simulations that are more realistic than those using traditional cloud parameterizations.
As an additional influence, intermittent volcanic activity injects cooling aerosols into the atmosphere and produces significant cooling.
CLOUD shows that organic vapours emitted by trees produce abundant aerosol particles in the atmosphere in the absence of sulphuric acid.
Undersea volcanoes could not produce this effect because the dust and aerosols would be absorbed by the sea before they reached the atmosphere.