Although GRB 000131, like other gamma - ray bursts, appears to have taken place in a remote «early galaxy» (or «sub-galactic clumps» of stars) that is smaller than today's luminous galaxies, astronomers found it difficult to detect that extremely dim, sub-galactic clump of stars even with the Hubble Space Telescope, as the observed fading of
the afterglow indicated that the maximum brightness of the gamma - ray emission was explosion was at least 10,000 times brighter than its host galaxy.
Widely accepted studies of the cosmic microwave background — the
afterglow of the Big Bang —
indicate that for every pound of normal matter in the universe, there are about six pounds of dark matter, unseen particles that are known only from their gravitational pull.