Teachers judged elementary school -
age children of depressed mothers to have low popularity (Goodman et al. 1993).
Various studies have shown that school -
age children of depressed mothers display impaired adaptive functioning, including internalizing and externalizing problems.
Not exact matches
• Where
mothers had been
depressed AND the fathers had worked long hours (particularly at weekends) in the first two years
of their baby's life, this predicted poor developmental outcomes for their
child through to
age 10, especially among boys (Letourneau et al, 2009).
Feinberg et al (under review) and Feinberg and Kan (2008) have found that when the couple are supported to develop positive «co-parenting»,
mothers are less
depressed, boys exhibit fewer «externalising» behaviour problems at
ages three and seven, and
children of both sexes and at both these
ages, exhibit fewer «internalizing» problems.
According to The National Council on the Developing
Child Working Paper on Maternal Depression, upwards
of 20 percent
of mothers suffer from feeling
depressed at some time during their lives — and often when their
children are still
of a young
age.
The one exception was the study by Abela et al, 32 which did not find increased difficulties with self - esteem or dependency in
children aged 6 — 14 years
of mothers with BPD, compared with
children of depressed mothers.
Abela et al32 studied
children aged 6 — 14 years and found that those with a
mother with BPD had experienced more depression (45 % had suffered a major depressive episode), than a sample
of children whose
mothers were currently
depressed.
Finally, in the study by Barnow et al, 19
children (
aged 11 — 18 years) showed excessive harm - avoidance, in comparison with
children of depressed mothers and healthy
mothers.
Research indicates that
depressed mothers, especially when their depression is chronic, are less sensitive with their infants and toddlers, play with and talk to their
children less, and provide less supportive and
age - appropriate limit setting and discipline than non-
depressed mothers.4, 8,9 When
mothers report more chronic depressive symptoms, their
children are more likely to evidence insecure attachment relationships with them, show less advanced language and cognitive development, be less cooperative, and have more difficulty controlling anger and aggression.8, 9 Lower levels
of maternal sensitivity and engagement explain some
of these findings.
This study compared early school -
aged children whose
mothers were
depressed during the
child's infancy with early school -
aged children from a community sample, in terms
of a comprehensive set
of developmental outcomes, controlling for associated risk factors.
Children of depressed mothers appeared more passively noncompliant, with less mature expressions
of age - appropriate autonomy [19].
Moreover,
children of postnatally
depressed mothers showed lower left frontal EEG activity at
age of 1 - to 3 - months [21], through to 6 [22] and 13 - to -15 months [19].