Physiologic studies have demonstrated that, in general, swaddling decreases
startling, 301 increases sleep duration, and decreases spontaneous awakenings.310 Swaddling also decreases arousability (ie, increases cortical arousal thresholds) to a nasal pulsatile air - jet stimulus, especially in
infants who are easily arousable when not swaddled but less so in
infants who have high arousal thresholds when not swaddled.301 One study found decreased arousability in
infants at 3 months of
age who were not usually swaddled and then were swaddled but found no effect on arousability in routinely swaddled
infants.301 In contrast, another group of investigators showed decreased arousal thresholds310 and increases in autonomic (subcortical) responses311 to an auditory stimulus when swaddled.