Sentences with phrase «air emissions include»

Provincial and territorial measures to minimize air emissions include transportation programs and policies such as motor vehicle inspections and scrappage programs.

Hazardous air emissions include methane, hydrogen sulfide, elevated particulate matter, BTEX, and ozone.

Not exact matches

The Trump Administration has directed various agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, Commerce Department, and Transportation Department to find ways to use the Clean Air Act and other laws to require vehicles made overseas undergo strict emissions testing and other reviews, the Wall Street Journal reported Friday.

Trump's stance on the environment contradicts thousands of scientists and decades of research, which has linked many observable changes in climate, including rising air and ocean temperatures, shrinking glaciers, and widespread melting of snow and ice, to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

Walmart does not disclose GHG emissions from its international marine shipping activities; it does estimate emissions from all «upstream transportation and distribution» — which includes marine shipping, trucking, air freight and rail freight — in its 2014 Carbon Disclosure Project report.

RESOLVED: That Berkshire Hathaway Inc. («Berkshire») establish reasonable, quantitative goals for reduction of greenhouse gas and other air emissions at its energy - generating holdings; and that Berkshire publish a report to shareholders by January 31, 2015 (at reasonable cost and omitting proprietary information) on how it will achieve these goals — including possible plans to retrofit or retire existing coal - burning plants at Berkshire - held companies.

Designs, manufactures, distributes and services diesel and natural gas engines, electric power generation systems and engine - related component products, including filtration and emissions solutions, fuel systems, controls and air handling systems.

The proposed gas station ignited a list of concerns that included traffic and noise but air pollution, specifically benzene emissions that can occur when pumping gasoline and its dangers when exposed to children, was a fear that was repeatedly hammered by both residents and park district officials.

Much less is known about the impact of environmental and psychological exposures, but some potential threats include: • Air pollution: A small study of 60 newborns in New York City found that expectant mothers» exposure to combustion - related urban air pollution — emissions from cars, trucks, residential heating, power generation and tobacco smoking — may alter the structure of chromosomes in their fetusAir pollution: A small study of 60 newborns in New York City found that expectant mothers» exposure to combustion - related urban air pollution — emissions from cars, trucks, residential heating, power generation and tobacco smoking — may alter the structure of chromosomes in their fetusair pollution — emissions from cars, trucks, residential heating, power generation and tobacco smoking — may alter the structure of chromosomes in their fetuses.

These include simulating actual product use and measuring emission levels to calculate air concentrations to represent what a person will actually breathe.

«The issues that must be addressed include: grid reliability, electricity costs, toxic emissions and related air pollution, attracting major investors for new energy sources and helping the impacted communities,» said Jerry Kremer, the chairman of New York Affordable Reliable Electricity Alliance.

However, none of the arguments above for expanding Heathrow, rather than Gatwick, is to say that the climate change and other environmental impacts including air quality, CO2 emissions and noise can be ignored.

The researchers then linked the healthcare - related emissions to specific environmental and health outcomes, including global warming; ozone depletion; respiratory disease from air pollutants; cancer from chemical exposure; and the environmental effects of acid rain, among others.

In response to these cases and others, state and county health officials conducted a series of monitoring projects that found that gas drilling was the area's largest source of several hazardous air pollutants, including benzene and ozone - forming emissions.

But while wildfires are estimated to contribute about 18 percent of the total PM2.5 emissions in the U.S., many questions remain on how these emissions will affect human populations, including how overall air quality will be affected, how these levels will change under climate change, and which regions are to most likely to be impacted.

Other cost - effective changes cited in the report include massive boosts to energy efficiency in industry and home heating, and reducing transport emissions through more efficient vehicles, more compact cities and more high - speed rail to cut air miles.

For over a decade, companies have recognized that the industry would need to install controls to comply with the act's air toxicity requirements, and the technology exists to cost effectively control such emissions, including mercury and acid gases.

The United States places 27th in the 2018 EPI, with strong scores on some issues, such as sanitation and air quality, but weak performance on others, including deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.

The team noticed a greater density of lightning in locations where ships blast emissions, including sulfur and nitrogen oxides, into the air.

The U.S. EPA Mercury and Air Toxics Standards and the International Minamata Convention on Mercury, have focused on limiting the emissions of toxic air pollutants, including mercuAir Toxics Standards and the International Minamata Convention on Mercury, have focused on limiting the emissions of toxic air pollutants, including mercuair pollutants, including mercury.

They then compared their results with other estimates of fossil fuel emissions, including estimates from the California Air Resources Board, who assisted with the study.

We ask why cities in China don't control their air pollution and carbon emissions, while we go shopping for produces that include those emissions.

The reported emission figures cover only Norwegian territory, including domestic air and sea traffic.

Her strategy in securing emission reductions includes development of strategic partnerships with retailers and other stakeholders, with the ultimate goal of incorporating clean air and efficiency improvements into a sustainable business model.

This style of house leads to poor air quality and higher emissions of ammonia, which has several harmful effects, including negative impacts on aquatic species and crops.

City of Porterville to Purchase 10 GreenPower All - Electric Transit Buses Dec 7, 2016 Next - Gen Transportation News (Oxford, CT) The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has awarded $ 9.5 million to the City of Porterville to deploy 10 GreenPower EV350 40 - foot, zero - emission, all - electric transit buses on all nine Porterville Transit routes and to install the associated charging infrastructure, including 11 charging stations.

Activities / Accomplishments: DOT has implemented several strategies in order to reduce Scope 3 GHG Emissions, and some of these strategies include: 1) reducing employee business air travel through technologies such as web conferencing; 2) increasing telework rates through making more employees eligible for telework and / or allowing an increase in total number of days teleworked; and 3) using an employee commuting survey to identify opportunities and strategies for reducing commuter eEmissions, and some of these strategies include: 1) reducing employee business air travel through technologies such as web conferencing; 2) increasing telework rates through making more employees eligible for telework and / or allowing an increase in total number of days teleworked; and 3) using an employee commuting survey to identify opportunities and strategies for reducing commuter emissionsemissions.

These responsibilities include, but are not limited to, policy advice and activities on air quality, water quality, resilience, floodplain management, ecosystem management, noise, emissions, and bicycle and pedestrian transportation.

Changes include the addition of new assistance systems (crosswind stabilization, collision avoidance system (optional), blind spot monitor (optional), adaptive highbeam, lane departure warning system), Euro VI emissions compliance, redesigned radiator grille, more angular headlights, new upholstery and seat coverings, thicker steering wheel, optional fresh air nozzles boast chrome applications, new - generation radio system.

Thanks to ever tightening fuel economy and air pollution regulations in Europe and the U.S., every automaker is seeking new ways to improve mileage and reduce emissions, including BMW.

This Toyota includes: CARGO NET (PPO) 50 STATE EMISSIONS ALL WEATHER GUARD PKG AUDIO VALUE PKG CD Player AM / FM Stereo CD Changer Cruise Control TRUNK MAT (PPO) SIDE BOLSTER Front Side Air Bag Front Head Air Bag * Note - For third party subscriptions or services, please contact the dealer for more information.

Strengths of this model include luxury options, excellent powertrain warranty, available Uconnect technology, tow ratings up to 30,000 pounds, Best - in - class features across multiple categories, and impressive powertrain offerings, 6 Speakers, Black Side Windows Trim And Black Front Windshield Trim, Clearcoat Paint, Full - Size Spare Tire Stored Underbody W / Crankdown, Variable Intermittent Wipers, Fully Galvanized Steel Panels, Black Front Bumper W / 2 Tow Hooks, Fully Automatic Aero - Composite Halogen Headlamps W / Delay - Off, Wheels: 18 X 8.0 Steel, Deep Tinted Glass, Steel Spare Wheel, Front Bumper Sight Shields, Interior Trim - Inc: Deluxe Sound Insulation, Metal - Look Instrument Panel Insert, Chrome And Metal - Look Interior Accents, Manual Adjustable Front Head Restraints And Manual Adjustable Rear Head Restraints, Systems Monitor, Cruise Control W / Steering Wheel Controls, Manual Tilt Steering Column, 40/20/40 Split Bench Seat, 4 - Way Passenger Seat - Inc: Manual Recline And Fore / Aft Movement, Power Door Locks W / Autolock Feature, Manual Air Conditioning, Full Cloth Headliner, Engine: 5.7 L V8 Hemi Vvt, Part - Time Four - Wheel Drive, Auto Locking Hubs, 730Cca Maintenance - Free Battery W / Run Down Protection, Single Stainless Steel Exhaust, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Multi-Link Front Suspension W / Coil Springs, 4390 # Maximum Payload, 50 State Emissions, Gvwr: 11, 300 Lbs, Transmission: 6 - Speed Automatic 66Rfe, Mechanical Limited Slip Differential, Class V Towing W / Harness, Hitch And Trailer Sway Control, Leaf Rear Suspension W / Leaf Springs, Manual Transfer Case, 3.73 Rear Axle Ratio, Hd Shock Absorbers, Electronically Controlled Throttle, 32 Gal.

Critical Knowledge: Revised 3.5 - liter V - 6 engineSecond - generation Xtronic CVT transmissionFront - or all - wheel drive (FWD or AWD) Offered in five well - equipped modelsSafety features include six standard air bagsAll Nissan Murano models meet ULEV emission standardsAvailable January 2008IntroductionLaunched as a 2004 model, the first - generation Nissan Murano arrived at dealerships in 2003: a 5 - passenger car - based crossover SUV.

A new, more fuel - efficient engine, extra-efficient transmission (s), on - demand control of ancillary units, intelligent lightweight design, Auto Start - Stop function, and low drag aerodynamics including «Air Curtain» and underside fairing all help to consolidate the leadership position of the new BMW 3 Series Sports Wagon on fuel consumption and emissions.

When activated, this standard feature prioritises the most efficient vehicle settings, including Automatic Transmission, heating and air conditioning, to help minimise fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

The Clarity Fuel Cell is competitively lease priced at $ 369 per month for 36 months with $ 2,868 due at signingi with California customers eligible for a $ 5,000 rebate.iiThe lease terms include an attractive mileage allowance of 20,000 miles per year, up to $ 15,000 of hydrogen fuel, up to 21 days of access to a luxury vehicle from Avis while in California, iii 24/7 roadside assistance, and eligibility for Californias Clean Air Vehicle Stickers, allowing single occupant HOV access.2 In addition, the Clarity Fuel Cell has the highest EPA driving range rating of any zero - emission light - duty vehicle in America, including fuel cell and battery electric vehicles, with a 366 - mile range rating and fuel economy rating of 68 combined MPGe (miles per gallon of gasoline - equivalent).

To reach those buyers, the Aurora needed improvements that included switching to electronic fuel injection to meet tightening emission regulations; enlarging the doors to accommodate new power windows and to allow easier entry and exit; and adding air conditioning and several other refinements.

Driven by ever - more stringent global emissions testing, the new 9A2 engine's move from natural to forced induction is the latest in a series of fundamental changes under the distinctive skin that have included swapping from air - to water - cooling and hydraulic to electric - assist steering.

The Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM - FI) system continuously tracks many engine parameters including crankshaft and camshaft positions, throttle position, intake air temperature and mass flow rate, engine coolant temperature and manifold pressure - and then the PGM - FI system adjusts fuel delivery accordingly to deliver the best combination of power, fuel economy and low emissions.

Nissan Maxima problems: Common problems include a faulty alternator, noisy timing chain, oil and coolant leaks and the «service engine soon» (emission control related) issues like bad camshaft position sensor (CMP) or crankshaft position sensor (CKP), dirty air flow sensor, faulty ignition coils, catalytic converter, EVAP system issues.

Satellite Radio - Mahogany Metallic Body Fully galvanized with integrated frame Four door side impact protection beams Electric tilt / slide moonroof Water - repellent front - side windows Chassis Steel - Spring Suspension with Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM) Front and rear stabilizer bars Vehicle stability system Porsche Stability Management (PSM) with ABS, ASR, ABD, MSR and Trailer Stability Management Double - wishbone front axle, multi-link rear axle 19 Cayenne Design wheels (8.5 x 19) with 265/50 tires Climate Control Systems Air conditioning system with integrated charcoal canister and pollen filter Tinted privacy glass and grey windshield strip Colors Solid Exterior Colors: White, Black Standard Interior Colors: Black, Agate Grey, Luxor Beige, Black / Luxor Beige E-Mobility Porsche universal charger (AC) with carrying bag for power cable Charging connection at the rear left to charge the high - voltage battery On - board charger with 3.6 kW Porsche Car Connect: e-mobility services Vehicle cable to connect the control unit with the vehicle, length: 2.5 m Electrical Systems Universal audio interface (Aux - In / USB) Bluetooth hands - free mobile phone connection Power windows Two - speed wiper system with rain sensor, wiper delay control, heated washer nozzles Electrically operated and heated side mirrors Remote central locking with Anti-theft system including passenger compartment monitoring Cruise control Five 12 - volt outlets Power tailgate with fully automatic opening and closing including programmable, customized opening height Porsche Communication Management (PCM) with hard drive navigation module HD Radio unless replaced by option Infotainment Package w / o HD Radio Engine features Aluminum engine block and cylinder heads Wet - sump lubrication Direct Fuel Injection (DFI) Continuous intake and outlet camshaft control Cylinder - specific knock control Returnless fuel system Hydraulic valve adjustment MED 17 engine management system On - board diagnostics for monitoring emission control system Stereo Lambda control circuits Electronic throttle Vehicle electrical system recuperation Brake energy recovery Variable deceleration fuel cutoff Supercharger Auto Start Stop function Instruments Instrument cluster featuring 4 round black dials and silver tachometer with hybrid logo and ready indicator Instrument cluster with high - resolution 4.8 inch TFT color screen, gear indicator for Tiptronic S, service interval indicator, outside temp and various warning indicators plus energy mgmt.

Pre-owned 2007 Infiniti M35 x AWD for sale in Blair, Nebraska, 68008 Fuel Consumption: City: seventeen Miles - per - gallon, Fuel Consumption: Highway: 24 Miles - per - gallon, Memorized Settings Including Door Mirror (S), Memorized Settings Including Steering Wheel, Memorized Settings For two Drivers, Driver Seat Memory, Remote Power locking doors, Electric windows, Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel, Cruise Control, 4 - Wheel Antilocking brakes Brakes, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Air bag for passenger, Side Air bag, Express Open / Close Glass Sunroof, Bluetooth (R) Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash 6 - Disc Compact disc player, Mp3 Player, Am fm radio, Radio Data System, Total Number Of Speakers: 6, Braking Assist, Anti lock brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control, Privacy Glass: Light, Painted Aluminum Rims, Wheel Diameter: 18, Wheel Width: 8, Front Fog / Driving Lamps, Leather Steering Wheel Trim, Leather Shift Knob Trim, Aluminum / Genuine Wood Dash Trim, Genuine Wood Door Trim, Aluminum / Genuine Wood Middle console Trim, Video Monitor Location: Front, Driving computer, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Manufacturer's 0 - 60Mph Acceleration Time (Seconds): 5.9 S, Driver's Side Electrochromatic Auto - Dimming Mirrors, Power Remote W / Tilt Down Driver Mirror Adjustment, Heated Driver Mirror, Heated Passenger Mirror, Electrochromatic Rearview Mirror, Power Remote W / Tilt Down Passenger Mirror Adjustment, Dual Reverse Tilt Mirrors, Turn Signal In Mirrors, Dual Lighted Vanity Mirrors, Compass, Driver And Passenger Heated - Cushion, Driver And Passenger Heated - Seatback, Remote Window Operation, Audio Controls On Steering Wheel, Power Remote Trunk Release, Front And Rear Reading lights, Security Security alarm, Leather Seat Upholstery, Bucket Front Seats, Rear Bench, Rear Seats Center Arm rest With Pass - Thru, Tilt And Telescoping Steering Wheel, Speed - Proportional Powered steering, Suspension Class: Regular, Interior Air Filtration, Automatic Front Ac, Dual Front A / c Zones, Tire Pressure monitor system: Tire Specific, Cargo Area Light, Max Cargo Capacity: fifteen Cu.Ft., Vehicle Emissions: Lev Ii Blair, NE

The available Technology Package include, 6 Speakers, Am - fm stereo: Siriusxm, Am / Fm / Cd / Mp3 Radio, Compact disc player, Mp3 Decoder, Air conditioned, Rear Window Defroster, Powered steering, Remote Remote - control entry, Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls, 4 Wheel Independent Suspension, Speed - Sensing Steering, Traction Control, 4 - Wheel Disc Brakes, Antilocking brakes Brakes, Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Low Tire Pressure Warning, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, Rear Anti-Roll Bar, Brake Assist, Electronic Stability Control, Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Automatic headlamps, Panic Alarm, Alarm system, Speed Control, Bumpers: Body - Color, Heated Door Mirrors, Power Door Mirrors, Turn Signal Indicator Mirrors, Driver Door Bin, Driver Vanity Mirror, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Passenger Vanity Mirror, Rear Seat Center Arm rest, Telescopic Steering Wheel, Tilting steering wheel, Clean Tex Cloth Seat Trim, Front Bucket Seats, Front Center Arm rest, Split Folding Rear Seat, Passenger Door Bin, Alloy rims, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Fuel Consumption: City: 23 Miles - per - gallon, Fuel Consumption: Highway: 34 Miles - per - gallon, Remote Powered door locks, Electric windows, Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel, Cruise Control, 4 - Wheel Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag, Bluetooth Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash Single Compact disc player, Audio System Memory Card Slot, Mp3 Player, Siriusxm Am / Fm / Satellite Radio, Siriusxm Satellite Radio (Tm), Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 6, Braking Assist, Anti-lock braking system And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control, Privacy Glass: Light, Silver Aluminum Rims, Wheel Diameter: 16, Wheel Width: 6.5, Front Fog / Driving Lamps, Urethane Steering Wheel Trim, Urethane Shift Knob Trim, Beverage Cooler In Glovebox, Driving computer, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Manufacturer's 0 - 60Mph Acceleration Time (Seconds): 7.9 S, Power Remote Driver Mirror Adjustment, Heated Driver Mirror, Heated Passenger Mirror, Power Remote Passenger Mirror Adjustment, Turn Signal In Mirrors, Dual Lighted Vanity Mirrors, Audio Controls On Steering Wheel, Power Remote Trunk Release, Front Reading lights, Antitheft Alarm System, Cloth Seat Upholstery, Bucket Front Seats, Rear Bench, Fold Forward Seatback Rear Seats, Rear Seats Center Arm rest, Tilt And Telescopic Steering Wheel, Speed - Proportional Electric Powered steering, Suspension Class: Regular, Interior Air Filtration, Manual Front Air conditioner, Tire Pressure monitor system: Tire Specific, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Cargo Area Light, Max Cargo Capacity: fifteen Cu.Ft., Vehicle Emissions: Ulev Ii, Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 18.5 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level, Clock: In - Dash, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Strut Front Suspension, Four - Wheel Independent Suspension, Coil Rear Spring, Rear Stabilizer Bar: Regular, Independent Rear Suspension, Multi-Link Rear Suspension Fremont, NE

- ft. facility includes a full mechanic's garage and tech center with a full dyno lab that uses highly technical and sophisticated equipment to measure emissions output at a level consistent with the Air Resources Board requirements for EO certification.

The California Air Resources Board released a draft report that proposes targets for land use and transportation planning in 2020 and 2035 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with passenger vehicle travel in the state's eighteen Metropolitan Planning Organizations, including the four largest: Southern California, San Diego, the Bay Area,... Read more →

Options: Customer Preferred Package 2Fk Sales Tracking Easy Order Convenience Group Lower Two Tone Paint Off Road Package 6 - Spd Automatic 68Rfe Transmission Anti-Spin Differential Rear Axle 6.7 L I6 Cummins Turbo Diesel Engine Power Folding Chrome Trl Tow Mirrors Keyless Go 50 State Emissions Delmonico Red Pearl Coat Lt275 / 70R18e Owl On / Off Road Tires Manuf Statement Of Origin 5.5 Additional Gallons Of Diesel Memorized Settings Including Audio Memorized Settings Including Door Mirror (S) Memorized Settings Including Pedals Memorized Settings For 2 Drivers Driver Seat Memory Remote Engine Start Remote Power Door Locks Power Windows Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel Cruise Control Trailer Hitch 4 - Wheel Abs Brakes Front Ventilated Disc Brakes 1St And 2Nd Row Curtain Head Airbags Passenger Airbag Side Airbag Navigation System With Voice Activation Uconnect W / Bluetooth Wireless Phone Connectivity Digital Audio Input Audio System Memory Card Slot Audio System Premium Brand Speakers: Alpine Siriusxm Am / Fm / Hd / Satellite Radio Radio Data System Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control Total Number Of Speakers: 10 Braking Assist Power Adjustable Pedals Abs And Driveline Traction Control Stability Control Privacy Glass: Deep Polished Aluminum Rims Wheel Diameter: 18 Wheel Width: 8 Front Fog / Driving Lights Leather Steering Wheel Trim Leather / Chrome Shift Knob Trim Genuine Wood / Metal - Look Dash Trim Genuine Wood Door Trim Leather / Genuine Wood Center Console Trim Video Monitor Location: Front Trip Computer External Temperature Display Tachometer Manufacturer's 0 - 60Mph Acceleration Time (Seconds): 7.8 S Auxilliary Transmission Cooler Driver's Side Electrochromatic Auto - Dimming Mirrors Power Remote W / Tilt Down Driver Mirror Adjustment Heated Driver Mirror Heated Passenger Mirror Electrochromatic Rearview Mirror Power Remote W / Tilt Down Passenger Mirror Adjustment Power Retractable Mirrors Dual Reverse Tilt Mirrors Turn Signal In Mirrors Dual Illuminated Vanity Mirrors Compass Driver And Passenger Heated - Cushion Driver And Passenger Heated - Seatback Audio Controls On Steering Wheel Uconnect Access Running Boards Front Reading Lights Anti-Theft Alarm System Leather Seat Upholstery Bucket Front Seats Split Rear Bench Fold Forward Seatback Rear Seats Rear Seats Center Armrest Tilt - Adjustable Steering Wheel Heated Steering Wheel Power Steering Suspension Class: Hd Automatic Front Air Conditioning Dual Front Air Conditioning Zones Tire Pressure Monitoring System: Tire Specific Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lights Max Cargo Capacity: 72 Cu.Ft.

Carburetor; battery; battery / battery pack on hybrid vehicles; shock absorbers; manual transmission clutch assembly; friction clutch disc and pressure plate; throwout bearing; manual and hydraulic linkages; distributor cap and rotor; safety restraint systems (including air bags); glass; lenses; sealed beams; light bulbs; brake hardware; all exhaust and emission components except those specifically listed under the coverage section of this contract; weather strips; all trim, moldings, handles, knobs or dials; bright metal; chrome; upholstery and carpet; paint; outside ornamentation; bumpers; body sheet metal and panels; tires and wheels / rims; GPS navigation systems; phone systems; TV / Video / Entertainment systems and Internet Access systems unless luxury electronics option has been purchased by you and accepted by us.

New features on the zero emissions Naimo include a large heads - up digital touch - screen display, and air jets rather than windshield wipers.

The petition also asserts that the requested speed reduction would mitigate underwater noise pollution and air pollution, including greenhouse gas emissions, from vessel traffic.

The forward models include emissions of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) from fossil fuel burning and wildfires; air - sea gas exchange; and photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition on land.