Sentences with phrase «air temperature measurements»

But based on withholding tests, it is far more statistically likely that our results are closer to the truth — assuming the underlying station data is correct and that the covariance structure of the satellite data is a good proxy for the covariance structure of near - surface air temperature measurements.

The result was a marked warm bias in the air temperature measurements....

«Night - time marine air temperature measurements made during the war are believed to have been made indoors owing to the dangers of carrying a light on deck to read the thermometer after dark (Folland and Parker [1995]-RRB-.

The Bureau's surface air temperature measurements for Australia compare well with the remotely sensed satellite record in terms of area - averaged variability and warming trends.

-LSB-...] A significant problem you may encounter is that making ambient air temperature measurements during a rapidly - changing phenomenon.

Since this phenomenon first became apparent in the early 1990s, the research community has been seeking to identify and quantify possible sources of errors in the surface and upper air temperature measurements, and it has been trying to understand the physical processes that may have caused surface and upper air temperatures to change relative to one another.

It has been shown, for example by [Parker et al., 1994], that this is the case, and that marine SST measurements provide more useful data and smaller sampling errors than marine air temperature measurements would.

Consequently, the UHI effects from skin temperature are shown to be pronounced at both daytime and nighttime, rather than at night as previously suggested from surface air temperature measurements.»

We collected more than 76,000 air temperature measurements for the eclipse on August 21st.

Not exact matches

That means researchers have less information and higher uncertainties when it comes to translating the data into measurements that the models can use, such as air temperature and humidity.

The correction brings air temperatures into line with measurements of steady warming at the ground, according to a report in tomorrow's issue of Nature.

Meteorologists feed in up - to - the - minute measurements of temperature, air pressure, wind direction and the like.

Instead, the researcher and his colleagues use historic measurements of air pressure and ocean temperatures, put into a model, to calibrate surface temperatures over the 20th century.

The pyrometers are also able to capture the air shock structure of the detonation event, allowing for simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure.

Because atmospheric conditions such as wind and temperature can greatly affect particulate - matter measurements, researchers from EPIC - India and the Evidence for Policy Design initiative at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, gathered data from air - quality monitors in New Delhi and placed monitors in three adjacent cities as a control.

This information was analyzed along with measurements of two air pollutants in their homes — fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-- as well as outdoor temperatures during the study period.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute has performed new wind, air temperature and humidity measurements in the Antarctic by using remote - controlled drones.

Variations of deuterium (δD; black), a proxy for local temperature, and the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 (red), CH4 (blue), and nitrous oxide (N2O; green) derived from air trapped within ice cores from Antarctica and from recent atmospheric measurements (Petit et al., 1999; Indermühle et al., 2000; EPICA community members, 2004; Spahni et al., 2005; Siegenthaler et al., 2005a, b).

The capabilities of Test Cell 1 include a fuel / air combustion skid for energy input; cooling systems for heat removal; 130 kW eddy - current dynamometer for precision power measurements; and instrumentation, system protection, and power control channels.For measuring the thermal output of fuel - fired thermal energy systems, such as a gas - fired liquid - metal evaporator for Stirling engines, Test Cell 1 offers a gas - gap calorimeter, which simulates the engine by allowing the liquid metal to condense at operating temperatures.

These measurements were made after installing wind and air temperature sensors on the telescope and at the top of one of the Keck domes.

What we think of as the modern temperature record is made up of many thousands of measurements from the air above land and the ocean surface, collected by ships, buoys and sometimes satellites, too.

A compilation of surface measurements of downward longwave radiation from 1973 to 2008 find an increasing trend of more longwave radiation returning to earth, attributed to increases in air temperature, humidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide (Wang 2009).

Isotopic composition can therefore be used as a proxy for historical air temperatures before the period for which we have instrumental measurements.

In an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules as an autocrat, with absolute power over the state and government — for example, the right to The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air

By contrast, weather forecasting that leverages «data science» collects a vast amount of historical information on air, temperature, and humidity, and assesses the relationship between those measurements and actual past events, such as whether or not a storm occurred.

Solar heating is the major source of error, both in upper - air and in in - situ surface temperature measurements.

For example, due to the lack of ocean data, secondary data is often used to infer what the ocean is doing — thus, the AMO analysis relies not on ocean temperature measurements, but rather on air pressure measurements as a proxy for ocean behavior — iffy at best.

This offset was large and dramatic and was identified more than ten years ago from comparisons of simultaneous measurements of night - time marine air temperatures (NMAT) which did not show such a shift.

Temperature measurements in the thin layer of air around cities don't mean much in comparison.

As far as this historic period is concerned, the reconstruction of past temperatures based on deep boreholes in deep permafrost is one of the best past temperature proxies we have (for the global regions with permafrost — polar regions and mountainous regions)-- as a signal of average temperatures it's even more accurate than historic direct measurements of the air temperature, since the earth's upper crust acts as a near perfect conservator of past temperatures — given that no water circulation takes place, which is precisely the case in permafrost where by definition the water is frozen.

(1) In addition to the data of the near - surface temperatures, which are composed of measurements from weather stations and sea surface temperatures, there is also the microwave data from satellites, which can be used to estimate air temperatures in the troposphere in a few kilometers altitude.

The model variables that are evaluated against all sorts of observations and measurements range from solar radiation and precipitation rates, air and sea surface temperatures, cloud properties and distributions, winds, river runoff, ocean currents, ice cover, albedos, even the maximum soil depth reached by plant roots (seriously!).

Sensor measurement uncertainty has never been fully considered in prior appraisals of global average surface air temperature.

So is the idea that the satellite measurements are of the sea surface temperature, which is predicted to be cooler than the air temperature immediately above it?

HadCRUT4 uses SST measurements from buoys and ships, and land air temperatures from meteorological stations.

How to avoid problems with most land - based temperature weather stations: Use lighthouses as thermometers for accurate and unbiased measurement of surface air temperature.

The data - gathering and environmental monitoring capabilities of the FishPi may include temperature readings (air and sea), salinity and pH measurements, barometric monitoring, light levels, and more, with some of the data or images being relayed in real - time.

With very few exceptions, collecting air surface temperature measurements over land is completely pointless.

By contrast, there is quite a lot of data now telling us that CO2 is not a climate driver: We did the experiment of adding a large slug of CO2 to the air and the temperature stopped rising in 1997, the stratosphere stopped cooling in 1995 and the oceans showed no warming down to 700m when we replaced guesswork with accurate measurement in 2003.

Our measurements of surface air temperatures were much more accurate, and so when people spoke of «global warming,» they tended to focus on air temperatures.

This warming can be seen in measurements of troposphere temperatures measured by weather balloons and satellites, in measurements of ocean heat content, sea surface temperature (measured in situ and by satellites), air temperatures over the ocean, air temperature over land.

The scenarios that scientists are looking at depend on measurements of air and water temperatures taken at hundreds of sites around the world, as well as complex models about how trends will evolve in the coming decades.

Water takes longer to heat up and cool down than does the air or land, so ocean warming is considered to be a better indicator of global warming than measurements of global atmospheric temperatures at the Earth's surface.

c, Measurements of July to September air temperature and annual precipitation changes at each site between 2003 and 2002.

The study compared ocean surface temperatures from 1900 to 2012 to surface air pressure, a stand - in for wind measurements, and found a close match.

To get a complete picture of Earth's temperature, scientists combine measurements from the air above land and the ocean surface collected by ships, buoys and sometimes satellites, too.

These are created by combining ship - and buoy - based measurements of ocean sea surface temperatures with temperature readings of the surface air temperature from weather stations on land.

The BoM claims that measurements from such devices are «comparable» to measurements from traditional mercury thermometers, which were used to measure official air temperatures at Mildura from 13 June 1889 until 1 November 1996.

Using modern measurements of air temperature, incoming / outgoing radiation, and ocean temperature / heat content should provide much more robust techniques of climate model validation.

The approximate stand - still of global temperature during 1940 - 1975 is generally attributed to an approximate balance of aerosol cooling and greenhouse gas warming during a period of rapid growth of fossil fuel use with little control on particulate air pollution, but quantitative interpretation has been impossible because of the absence of adequate aerosol measurements.