Despite this associative evidence, to the authors» knowledge, existing systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness of school - based substance use
interventions have not reported the effectiveness of universal resilience - based
interventions on adolescent substance use.4 — 6, 37 Three existing Cochrane reviews have individually examined the efficacy of school - based tobacco,
alcohol and illicit drug use programmes.4 — 6 Such reviews have not reported outcomes for universal resilience - based
interventions specifically, but have included such
interventions in broader categories of
intervention type for subgroup analysis.