Sentences with phrase «allele by»

These dogs are very likely to develop PRA associated with the IG - PRA1 risk allele by the time they reach 5 - 7 years of age.

This was achieved after correction of the human sickle hemoglobin allele by gene - specific targeting.

To test the potential of a homozygous lethal «null» allele to nevertheless contribute to organismal phenotype, we combined an Xpd † XPCS allele with a viable XpdTTD allele by crossing the corresponding heterozygous animals.

Wild type alleles in ancient samples are represented by yellow dots and derived alleles by red dots.

Not exact matches

The change in allele frequency may arise by any number of mechanisms including the addition of a novel allele via mutation.

Using Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), the researchers examined whether mitochondrial - nuclear interactions alter the frequency of alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation, called alleles, for over 11,000 nuclear DNA sequence variations within a population of the fish with mixed ancestry.

In most cases both alleles are active and transcribed by the cells into an RNA message.

By using this tool to analyze their data the scientists were able to catalogue active alleles in a comprehensive set of mouse tissues, or the mouse «Allelome,» and gain an insight into how this differential gene activity is regulated.

These are subjected to so - called next generation sequencing, a technique that sifts the vast genetic composite, ferreting out sequence variants (or alleles) caused by mutations in genes.

In patients with anorexia nervosa, the study indicates that the increase in sweating experienced when viewing images of thin bodies is explained by the presence of a specific form (allele) of the gene in question.

His group has found, for example, that APOE3 — by far the most common APOE allele in humans — is usually inherited either with a short or a very long 523 tract.

By reading thousands of alleles and estimating mutation rates, the duo can work out the separation date for each allele and calculate past population sizes.

The researchers headed up by Claudia Vigano and Abigail Bouwman of the human aDNA laboratory at the Institute of Evolutionary Medicine — the only laboratory of its kind in Switzerland — studied a thalassemia allele called cod39?

The most parsimonious explanation is that these alleles represent the ancestral human condition, inherited by both Neandertals and modern humans in Africa from their common ancestor, Capra says.

In the U.S., this behavioral division follows a genetic one: workers bearing two copies of one form, or allele, of the Gp - 9 gene live in nests governed by a single matriarch, whereas those that have one copy or a pair of a second allele take orders from a female oligarchy.

But gene - drive technology tilts the odds, so that a specific change to one allele is inherited by a higher proportion of progeny.

One iSNV (position 10,218) shared by 12 patients is later observed as fixed within 38 patients, becoming the majority allele in the population (Fig. 4C) and defining a third Sierra Leone cluster (Fig. 4, A and D, and fig.

Again, the increased activity in these areas was associated with the number of copies of the A allele carried by individuals — people with two copies showed a larger increase in activity than those with just one.

By contrast, women who carry a sickle - cell allele, which protects against malaria, have only about 50 percent more surviving children in malaria - infested regions than women lacking the variant.

The research by scientists at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Columbia University shows a link between a particular allele for serotonin found at a higher frequency in those at risk of depression because of family history, and those who go on to develop major depressive disorder.

Having this allele reduces the risk of severe malaria by about 40 % in Kenyan children, with a slightly smaller effect across all the other populations studied.

«This knowledge could be exploited to either foster recombination or fix allele combinations in the rearranged regions by choosing adequate parental combinations,» said D'Hont.

Thanks to the precise testing of Pm3 alleles, the best variations and combinations are identified and can then be used directly in traditional breeding by crossbreeding them into modern wheat varieties.

They took female waterhemp plants with no resistance alleles and allowed them to be pollinated by males with resistances to five different herbicides.

He was also missing the Alzheimer's susceptibility allele apo, a well - established variant of a gene for apolipoprotein E carried by approximately two out of three patients.

Mutations generally abrogate gene function, indicating that the maize allele acts by suppressing lateral shoot development, converting grassy teosinte into slim, single - stalked modern corn and male into female reproductive structures (7).

Genetic recombination is the transmission - genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.

Initially the people who drank milk from cows had something unusual about them, but by chance the new allele improved the welfare of human beings on their way north.

«Grouping by family can hasten the spread of eusocial alleles, but it is not a causative agent.

Relation between Obesity and Blunted Striatal Response to Food Is Moderated by TaqIA A1 Allele.

And when they pre-treated immune cells from vaccinated major allele carriers with a molecule that inhibits the receptor that is normally stimulated by IL - 28B, they saw a stronger antibody response after the cells were stimulated with influenza vaccine.

Indeed, the parasite maintains its diversity by allowing the same combination of alleles to be selected simultaneously in genetically diverse individuals.

The woman's unborn child inherits one allele from its mother and one from its father, which gives it a 25 percent chance of getting two healthy alleles; a 50 percent chance of one faulty allele and one healthy; and a 25 percent chance of getting two mutated alleles that together would cause it to develop beta - thalassaemia, a potentially fatal blood disorder caused by low oxygen uptake.

In the second technique, the presence of the beta A and beta S alleles is determined by restriction endonuclease digestion of an end - labeled oligonucleotide probe hybridized in solution to the amplified beta - globin sequences.

By pinpointing which regions of the barley genome are resistant to recombination, breeders will be able to make better informed decisions about which favorable alleles to pursue, and to plan more efficiently.»

At least one allele (or copy of the gene) is carried by 80 percent of some South American populations.

The incidence of different traits, or alleles, in a population is driven by natural selection and genetic drift, which can randomly reduce genetic variation.

Of these, the authors calculate that 38 % are aided by the IL - 1ß alleles.

«This research is very important, but it remains to be clarified what the role of these two loci are,» says Mark Connors, an immunologist at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland, whose lab first reported that HIV - infected people who remain unharmed by the virus for many years often have the HLA - B * 5701 allele.

Some alleles corresponded to higher levels of IL - 1ß, and people with these versions of the genes were five times more likely to suffer from stomach cancer — perhaps because a surplus of IL - 1ß, by shutting down acid production and sustaining an inflammation of the infected areas, allows H. pylori to spread further within the stomach, the authors speculate.

The alleles in question were found on two different haplotypes — a set of alleles inherited by an individual from a single parent — in unrelated individuals.

The linear subtype is propelled by just two driver events: a genetic condition called von Hippel - Lindau syndrome, and loss of one copy of an allele in chromosome 3.

Our approach differs from that adopted by Charlesworth [61], [62], who developed mathematical models to formalize the mutation accumulation hypothesis [63] that, together with the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis [3], [64], may be used to show how senescence can evolve by the accumulation of deleterious alleles through mutation - selection balance at frequencies that increase with their age of onset; such mutations enhance reproductive performance early in life but diminish survival late in life through physiological trade - offs.

For these 3 SNPs, we report the ORs for use of aspirin, NSAIDs, or both across genotypes corresponding to 0, 1, or 2 copies of the variant allele (eTable 5 in the Supplement) and the ORs for each SNP by strata of use of aspirin, NSAIDs, or both with 1 common reference group (eTable 6 in the Supplement), to fully describe the interaction.

Determining genetic disruption frequency by both the Cel1 and 454 assays require the assumption that wild type and disrupted alleles are not differentially amplified.

In the current study, the genotype and allele frequency of a SNP in exon 3 of the IL15RA gene were associated with elite human endurance athletes stratified by sport.

Hybridization can reduce fitness by either introducing alleles to a population that are not suited to the local environment (extrinsic outbreeding depression) or disrupting co-adapted gene complexes (intrinsic outbreeding depression)(Templeton 1986).

To identify common functional variants, the authors used an allelic transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), which determines if an allele is transmitted more (or less) than we'd expect by chance.

Because of a lack of available antibodies and the inability to distinguish amongst various mutant forms of XPD differing only by single amino acid substitutions, we were unable to ascertain the relative amount of XPD protein from the different alleles.

Next we asked whether the Xpd † XPCS and Xpd † XP alleles, despite decreased mRNA levels, ameliorated TTD symptoms by increasing overall TFIIH levels in compound heterozygous XpdTTD / † XPCS and XpdTTD / † XP cells.