A clustering analysis of mutant
allele frequencies suggested that there were four clones (tumor subpopulations) in the primary tumor defined by distinct sets of mutations.
Assuming that all mutations are heterozygous (which is likely), the observed
allele frequencies suggest that shared mutations are present in virtually all tumor cells.
Not exact matches
In these analyses, Ser482
allele frequencies were very similar (36.9 % in Spanish vs. 37.5 % in UK Caucasians, P = 0.83),
suggesting that confounding by genetic stratification is unlikely to explain the association between Gly482Ser genotype and endurance capacity.
Some of the associated variants were super rare (MAF < 1 %),
suggesting that genotyping studies like this are well - powered to detect associations even at
allele frequencies below one percent.
Indeed, several admixture scenarios [44], [45] and selection at linked sites are expected to generate an excess of high
frequency derived
alleles, but the observation that most islands of differentiation are not enriched for high
frequency derived
alleles suggests that selection at linked sites is likely to have a relatively small contribution overall to the occurrence of areas of high differentiation.
Some of the earliest studies of cancer genomes in AML noted that, within a single patient, there were subsets of mutations present at lower
allele frequencies,
suggesting that they're not present in all cells.
The relatively high estimates of the
frequencies of the unfavourable recessive
alleles in each breed, especially for hip dysplasia,
suggest that it would be possible to gain considerable genetic progress by selection against a major gene.
Relatively high estimates of the
frequencies of unfavourable
alleles in each breed
suggest that considerable genetic progress would be possible by selection against major genes.
Here, we review recent work that has demonstrated a robust cross-national correlation between the relative
frequency of variants in these genes and the relative degree of individualism — collectivism in each population,
suggesting that collectivism may have developed and persisted in populations with a high proportion of putative social sensitivity
alleles because it was more compatible with such groups.
The relationship between
allele frequency and depression was partially mediated by individualism — collectivism,
suggesting that reduced levels of depression in populations with a high proportion of social sensitivity
alleles is due to greater collectivism.