Such a high discordance rate
among identical twins proves that no one is born pre-determined to have gender dysphoria let alone pre-determined to identify as transgender or transsexual.
When pressed about how much the clones are really alike, the Duponts admit there are little differences, much as differences show up
among identical twins.
By comparing outcomes
among identical twins, the researchers hope to control automatically for a large set of unobserved environmental and genetic factors.
That said, even
among identical twins only in 15 percent of the cases were both brothers gay, meaning non-genetic factors clearly play important roles as well.
Also, genes, studies have found, may play a role; a number of papers, including a 1989 study of five Nordic countries and a 1995 British study, found that the concordance rate
among identical twins was as high as 90 percent.
Among identical twins, he found that if one was gay, the other had a 50 percent chance of also being gay.
al. of the Swedish Twin Registry, both found even lower matching
among identical twins with much larger and more representative samples.
Even
among identical twins there is a large variance along with some commonalities.
And
among identical twin siblings, who have the same genome, immune system features differed more strikingly within older twin pairs than in younger sets.
Not exact matches
Virginia and Elizabeth Sanchez, 22 - year - old
identical twins, are participating in a study of behavioral traits
among twins.
Such investigations show that, at least
among males, homosexuality is much more commonly shared by
identical twins than by nonidentical
twins.
Russ makes three arguments: 1) A recent study that compared grit scores
among fraternal and
identical twins suggests that grit may be heritable to a large degree, which would make it unrealistic to expect schools or others to be able to alter it; 2) The
twin study as well as a meta - analysis of grit research found that grit only explains about 2 - 3 % of the variance in achievement scores, which Russ thinks makes it a poor predictor of other outcomes; and 3) The meta - analysis suggests that grit may be highly correlated with conscientiousness, one of the Big 5 personality traits that psychologists have been studying for a long time.
Chief
among them is its
twin, the Subaru BRZ, which is nearly
identical.
By a strange phenomenon multiple births are as common
among Alcantara women as they are
among sows; we give birth to many
twins, triplets, even quadruplets, and
identical little faces rill the classrooms in the local school.
The discovery that concordance (similarity between siblings) for divorce
among adults is higher
among identical than fraternal
twins suggests that genes may predispose some people to engage in behaviors that increase the risk of divorce.58 If parents» personality traits and other genetically transmitted predispositions are causes of single parenthood as well as childhood problems, then the apparent effects on children of growing up with a single parent are spurious.