Sentences with phrase «among study variables»

Given the cross-sectional design of this study, we are also not able to assess causality among the study variables.

Analyses also revealed no gender differences among the study variables in the structural model.

Pearson correlations were used to examine the association among the study variables and hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict body satisfaction at age 16.

With regard to the validity of the measures, substantiation of criterion validity was obtained by examining the correlations among study variables (Table III).

Pearson correlations were used to examine the associations among the study variables for the total sample and by the sex of the adolescents.

Table 1 shows descriptive statistics and correlations among all study variables.

First, we calculated correlations among the study variables and among the family member reports of relationship quality.

Two - tailed Pearson correlations were computed among study variables.

We used multivariate linear regression with TV - viewing time (in minutes) as the dependent variable to control for confounding and explore possible interactions among study variables.

The explanations we offer about the associations among studied variables are based on cross-sectional data, and longitudinal data are necessary to empirically test the processes involved.

Not exact matches

To date, results from several longitudinal studies indicate that e-cigarette use among nonsmoking youth increases the likelihood of future use of conventional cigarettes.5 — 10 Specifically, the pooled odds ratio (OR) in a recent meta - analysis of studies of adolescents and young adults (aged 14 — 30) indicates that those who had ever used e-cigarettes were 3.62 times more likely to report using cigarettes at follow - up compared with those who had not used e - cigarettes.11 This finding was robust and remained significant when adjusting for known risk factors associated with cigarette smoking, including demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables such as cigarette susceptibility.

But without multiple mutually corroborating & very rigorous population studies to determine strong associations among different variables, one can't speak confidently on what causes what — and this in a discipline, psychology, already fraught with poorly designed and low - statistical - rigor studies.

We compared socio - demographic and pregnancy - related characteristics among the three study groups using chi - square tests for categorical variables, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for normally distributed continuous variables and the nonparametric Kruskal - Wallis test for continuous variables that were not normally distributed.

This study was designed to examine the effect of human milk feedings on the incidence of infection and sepsis / meningitis among hospitalized, VLBW infants controlling for potential confounding variables.

Previous research from the UK and Canada has identified a lower risk of PPH among planned home births than among planned hospital births [4, 11], but the UK study did not attempt to control for confounding variables.

Subsequent prospective studies yielded similar results, whether they controlled for parental age, child age, race and family structure; 12 poverty, child age, emotional support, cognitive stimulation, sex, race and the interactions among these variables; 13 or other factors.14 — 17 These studies provide the strongest evidence available that physical punishment is a risk factor for child aggression and antisocial behaviour.

In total, after adjusting for variables, 73 proteins were found to differ among the four groups studied.

For the study, Levy and a team of 10 investigators looked at such variables as harm from e-cigarettes, and amount of youth uptake, and the rate of cessation among others.

«In our study, we observed a widely variable bleaching and mortality response among corals,» Marcelino said.

In other words, could regions that are variable among closely allied species be useful in intraspecific studies?»

Professor Elaine Dennison, Professor of Musculoskeletal Epidemiology and Honorary Consultant in Rheumatology within Medicine at the University of Southampton, noted: «Among the challenges in carrying out this study was the great heterogeneity in the RCTs, including in the exercise protocols and in the dosage of supplementation, all of which contributes to the variable findings between studies.

In the study published in the journal American Naturalist, researchers developed a model based on food web interactions among plants, grasshoppers, and spiders exposed to multiple changing climate variables.

Ultimately, this will provide for current and future studies such as those that evaluate the correlation of biological markers with clinical variables and cancer outcomes, as well as those that identify interactions among biological markers.

Distribution of demographic variables by CFS case - control status among persons from the combined Wichita and Georgia case - control population - based studies.

To examine variation in fecal variables, especially butyrate, among individuals and the response to these fibers, a randomized cross-over study was conducted that compared the effects of foods supplying 25 g of NSP or 25 g of NSP plus 22 g of RS / d over 4 wk in 46 healthy adults (16 males, 30 females; age 31 — 66 y).

Variable results among these studies could be due to factors such as differences in dietary composition, degree of energy deficit, compliance with the prescribed dietary regimens, and extract preparation / composition.

Table 1.1.3 reports correlations among measures of all variables in the study.

In the chapter, with this perceptual barrier in mind, I assess the financial resources of the longstanding coalitions working for or against policy action, careful to situate spending in the first paragraphs of the chapter as one variable among many influencing legislative outcomes (se discussion of past study by Baumgartner et al..)

The climate and mankind's connection to it are among the most complex topics scientists have ever studied, with a seemingly endless number of variables to consider over an incredibly long timespan.

Among the countries where wind and solar power account for at least 5 percent of total electricity generated in 2014, more than 80 percent have completed a grid integration study to understand how to integrate variable renewable energy.

Both studies were descriptive because their goal was to identify certain features of the writing rather than examine the relationship among variables.

Among the limits of the present study, it is possible to point out the necessity: 1) to replicate this investigation with a large number of Italian healthy adolescents for the representativeness of the sample; 2) to adopt the double analysis both for positive and negative affect, considering that literature review seems to indicate these two aspects as separate but equally important variables; and, finally, 3) to carry out a longitudinal study, from early adolescence to young adulthood, in order to emphasize the change in these aspects of youth development.

Coyne discusses the limits of self reported distress among college students as an analogue for clinical depression.5 Secondly, participants in analogue studies differ from clinical populations in important sociodemographic variables such as age, social class, and educational level.

Project EAT - II is a longitudinal, follow - up study of Project EAT - I, which explored the socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral determinants of dietary intake and weight - related variables among an ethnically diverse adolescent population.

The main purpose of the present study was to calculate percentile curves for total sleep duration per 24 hours, for nighttime and for daytime sleep duration from early infancy to late adolescence to illustrate the developmental course and age - specific variability of these variables among subjects.

For example, some have found significant differences between children with divorced and continuously married parents even after controlling for personality traits such as depression and antisocial behavior in parents.59 Others have found higher rates of problems among children with single parents, using statistical methods that adjust for unmeasured variables that, in principle, should include parents» personality traits as well as many genetic influences.60 And a few studies have found that the link between parental divorce and children's problems is similar for adopted and biological children — a finding that can not be explained by genetic transmission.61 Another study, based on a large sample of twins, found that growing up in a single - parent family predicted depression in adulthood even with genetic resemblance controlled statistically.62 Although some degree of selection still may be operating, the weight of the evidence strongly suggests that growing up without two biological parents in the home increases children's risk of a variety of cognitive, emotional, and social problems.

As demonstrated in a recent investigation of resilience among former foster youth), 28 empirical research may also benefit from person - oriented approaches, which begin with the experiences of individuals, as a complement to knowledge afforded by variable - oriented perspectives, which focus on mean differences across groups of individuals.1 By studying individuals in context, we are beginning to understand the complexity of resilience as a developmental construction over time and in the context of lived experience.

Family Influences on Female Offenders» Substance Use: The Role of Adverse Childhood Events Among Incarcerated Women Bowles, Dehart, & Reid Webb (2012) Journal of Family Violence, 27 (7) View Abstract Describes a study that sought to find a possible intervening variable in the victimization - crime relationship in incarcerated women.

Characteristics of Child Abuse in Immigrant Korean Families and Correlates of Placement Decisions Chang, Rhee, & Weaver Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 30 (8), 2006 View Abstract This study examined the characteristics and patterns of child abuse among immigrant Korean families in Los Angeles and critical variables that contribute to the type of placement made by the child protective services system.

A Study on the Relationship between Well - Being and Turnover Intentions among Rural School Teachers: School Organizational Climate as a Moderating Variable

Emerson et al. [38 • •], for example, conducted a secondary analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study in the UK and found that after matching on socioeconomic variables, probable psychiatric disorder was no more likely to be found among fathers of children with early cognitive delay, and the strength of this association for mothers was substantially diminished.

Previous studies in India have found that family level variables do influence the premarital relationship among youth (Alexander et al., 2007) although they did not focus on the type of family.

Third, because this study is a cross-sectional study, the results do not persuasively support causality among variables.

Across the two time periods, we included cross-lag paths among all seven key study variables, autoregressive paths (i.e., within each variable), and concurrent associations among all variables within each wave.

Using Baron & Kenny (1986)'s mediating analysis and Sobel test, the study found that parenting stress has positive relationship with depression among mothers in low - income families, while self - efficacy plays a partially mediating role between the two variables.

In this study three different pathways among these variables were assessed simultaneously: (1) cognitive vulnerabilities and stressors as predictors of depressive symptoms (vulnerability model), (2) depressive symptoms and cognitive vulnerabilities as predictors of stressors (stress generation model), and (3) depressive symptoms and stressors as predictors of cognitive vulnerabilities (consequence model).

We chose to employ one - tailed correlations due to the small sample size of this preliminary study, as well as the directional assumptions regarding the correlation (i.e., positive versus negative) among the assessed variables.

Significant paths among the seven key study variables for both models (count - based and means - based) are depicted in Figs 1 and 2 (see S2 and S3 Tables for full results among key variables).

Means, Standard Deviations (SD), and Correlations Among Primary Study Variables Across the Full Sample

Thus, the purpose of this study was to more fully explore the relations among family variables (i.e., parental guidance and control, parental warmth and caring, criticism and negativity, no responsibility for diabetes regimen), adherence, and metabolic control.