In 1992, a team from the University of New Mexico reported that
ancient soils showed extremely high levels of carbon dioxide 440 million years ago, an age of primitive sea life before the advent of land plants and animals.
With the exception of the fertile river valleys along which agriculture began, civilizations generally lasted 800 to 2,000 years, and geoarchaeological studies have now
shown a connection between
soil erosion and the decline of many
ancient cultures.