Sentences with phrase «animal brains neuron»

Using electron microscopes, for example, we can probe animal brains neuron - by - neuron, connection - by - connection, in the hope of discovering characteristic circuits that repeat themselves throughout the brain.

Not exact matches

«In animal studies, exercise has been shown to specifically affect the hippocampus, significantly increasing the growth of new neurons and cell survival, enhancing memory and learning, and increasing molecules that are involved in the plasticity of the brain,» Chaddock said.

Looking inside the brains of animals exposed to chronic social defeat stress, the scientists observed hyperactive firing of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a critical part of a reward circuit.

When the researchers gave the mice a drug called lamotrigine, often prescribed for bipolar disorder, the animals» brain activity mimicked that of their resilient counterparts: The neurons in the already hyperactive VTA started firing even more intensely, followed by a lull and abatement of depression symptoms.

As for the Lund researchers, the method provides a tool for studying how neurons cooperate inside a healthy brain and in animal models with different neurological diseases.

And in a mouse model of Alzheimer's, having more TREM2 in the brain seemed to relieve inflammation and amyloid buildup, slow the loss of neurons and preserve the animals» cognitive abilities.

As the animals learned, the researchers recorded electrical signals from individual neurons in the amygdala, a brain structure that forms memories of fearful experiences.

To understand how they work, it's easiest to start from the beginning, in 1943, when neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and mathematician Walter Pitts used math to describe the function of neurons in animal brains.

For most animals, the team found the expected numbers of neurons, given a certain brain size.

That is, ghostly blue light that illuminates the catacombs of the brain and causes a tiny subset of neurons with a known identity to produce electrical spikes wakes up the animal.

The specifics have yet to be ironed out, but the Amgen team has uncovered a few clues in their rodent studies: They found treated animals had increased activation of certain neurons in the brain that detect blood sugar, and this may have helped them sense when it was time to stop eating.

The only consistent effect he could find was that the animals» overall capacity for memory fell in proportion to the number of neurons destroyed: The more brain cells lost, the more memories — all memories — weakened.

For years, researchers have regarded the ability to watch an organism's neurons fire — at high resolution, as the animal behaves naturally — as the pinnacle of brain observation.

When we suppressed the ALS mutation in the brains of animals, onset of the disease was delayed, the animals lived longer, spinal motor neurons survived longer, and the neuromuscular junctions stayed healthy longer,» said Svendsen, the Kerry and Simone Vickar Family Foundation Distinguished Chair in Regenerative Medicine.

«With further development, the new microendoscope could be used to image neuron activity in previously inaccessible parts of the brain such as the visual cortex of primate animal models,» said Ohayon.

The sea slug Aplysia californica, a red, green or brown hermaphrodite that can grow up to 16 inches long, has the biggest brain cells, or neurons, in the animal kingdom, at up to a millimeter long.

Biochemical tests of the adult animals showed that THC - doused brains had the same number of receptors that responded to THC as unexposed rat brains, but more receptors for heroin and more of a compound associated with reward behavior in their neurons, the team reports online 5 July in Neuropsychopharmacology.

«Neurons become increasingly more complex in their extensions and connections as the brain matures, and the maturational delays reported previously in animal models and human behavioral studies of iron deficiency would predict that lower iron intake would produce neurons in cortical gray matter that are structurally less complex and more imNeurons become increasingly more complex in their extensions and connections as the brain matures, and the maturational delays reported previously in animal models and human behavioral studies of iron deficiency would predict that lower iron intake would produce neurons in cortical gray matter that are structurally less complex and more imneurons in cortical gray matter that are structurally less complex and more immature.

Because mirror neuron activity is thought to be a very basic part of brain function — and it can be seen in many animals besides humans — the new finding supports the notion that our brain is predisposed to distinguish «us versus them.»

In a series of experiments in mice, the researchers developed a computer program that connected the neural activity in the animals» brains to musical notes, so that when one group of neurons switched on, a corresponding musical note played.

As the animals were shown different animated graphics, neurons responded within milliseconds, and astrocytes became active seconds later — matching the time delay that neuroimagers have long known accompanies blood flow to active brain regions.

They discovered a pattern: Small - brained animals with fewer neurons in the wrinkly outer layer of the brain, called the cortex, had shorter yawns than large - brained animals with more cortical neurons.

A team of scientists has linked changes in the structure of a handful of central brain neurons to understanding how animals adjust to changing seasons.

A scent's location on the map also predicts the brain activity caused by getting a whiff: previous research in a variety of animals such as fruit flies, honeybees, mice, rats and tadpoles showed that neighboring odors cause similar patterns of neuron activity.

Thus, by monitoring the activity of motion - detecting neurons in animals and simultaneously exploring human motion perception using cunningly contrived displays such as a, b and c, scientists are starting to understand the mechanisms in your brain that are specialized for seeing motion.

Neurons concentrated at the front of the animal, forming something more and more like a brain.

For example, it could be used to image neurons in living mice by combining the Raman scattering technique with existing methods in which tiny windows are implanted in the brains and spinal cords of laboratory animals.

In a live animal, these neurons would then relay that information to the brain (Nature Photonics, DOI: 10.1038 / nphoton.2012.10).

The cortex is the thin layer of cells on the surface of the brain that governs many functions, and in elephants it contains a greater variety of cell types (such as the extensively branched neuron pictured above) than is found in more frequently studied animals such as rodents and primates.

Andersen was studying the activity of neurons in the hippocampus — a brain area associated with memory — and the two students wanted to try to link this precise activity of cells with the behaviour of animals.

The study, «Modulating Behavior in C.elegans Using Electroshock and Antiepileptic Drugs,» just published in PLOS One, has led the researchers to build on the current animal models for inducing seizures via electroconvulsion in the genetically modifiable C.elegans that only has 302 brain cells called neurons.

In previous studies, Knight and other researchers have found distinct populations of neurons within a region of the brain called the hypothalamus that can trigger thirst and signal when an animal should start and stop drinking.

The Duke team found that when pairs of monkeys interacted during a social task, the brains of both animals showed episodes of high synchronization, in which pools of neurons in each animal's motor cortex tended to fire at the same time.

Finally, the study provides an example of a highly integrative approach to understanding brain function at multiple scales, «linking genes and gene networks to the properties of single neurons and populations of neuron subtypes, all the way up to the level of animal behaviors,» said Okaty.

The animals lack a layer of neurons considered essential to information processing, and many parts of their brains — especially the frontal lobe, the site of higher cognition in people — looked underdeveloped.

It is also the first to demonstrate that a deep convolutional neural network — a computing system modelled after the neuron activity in animal brains that can basically learn on its own — can effectively differentiate between similar plants with an amazing accuracy of nearly 100 %.

Plus, György Buzsáki discusses how two types of neurons in the brain's hippocampus work together to map an animal's environment.

When Hayashi injected a mutant gene for PAK into mouse embryos and later killed the adult mice and dissected and examined their brains, she discovered that the animals» dendritic spines — branched stalks that receive input from neighboring neurons — were short, fat, and sparse.

«The reason we have more neurons than any other animal alive is that cooking allowed this qualitative change — this step increase in brain size,» she says.

Turning certain neurons on or off in fly brains creates wildly erotic or sexually withdrawn animals, a new study shows.

Using a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, the researchers recorded the activity of networks of neurons in a living mouse brain while the animal was both awake and asleep.

Then the scientists assayed the animals» brains for the c - Fos transcription factor, a marker of active neurons.

Specifically, the mice lacked the protein ankyrin - G, in particular neurons in the brain, a defect that appears to make the animals both hyperactive and less fearful, a behavioral profile suggestive of a mania - like state for a mouse.

They also found that the disruption of the connectivity of these cells during brain development causes alterations in brain oscillatory activity and disturbs the function of place cells, a type of pyramidal neuron that becomes active when an animal is located in a particular place in its environment.

The peripheral nervous system of vertebrate animals includes three kinds of nerve cells: sensory neurons, which transmit impulses from sensory receptor structures to the brain; motor neurons, which innervate the striated, or skeletal, muscles, and autonomic neurons, which regulate the functional activity of the circulatory system, the organs, the glands and the smooth muscles (such as those of the intestine).

Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers in that lab have discovered how to alter the animals» memories by turning on neurons in the brain that are associated with the memories and updating them with new information.

Researchers at OIST have successfully isolated and recorded the activity of a subset of neurons in the striatum in the brain, shedding light on one mechanism underlying learning and decision making in animals.

This is a list of representative animals by the number of neurons in their whole nervous system and the number of neurons in their brain (for those with a brain).

We have developed a custom microscope to track the activity of almost every neuron in the roundworm's head — here, we will perform the first whole - brain recordings in any animal during social interactions.

These «delayed response tasks» suggest that working memory, at the level of brain cells, is the result of self - sustaining patterns of neural activity — a group of neurons starts firing when the initial information is presented and maintains that firing internally when the stimulus is no longer present until the animal acts on that information.